{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T12:47:13Z","timestamp":1786193233012,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["219390\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["219390\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/R005419\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/R005419\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/T011343\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/T011343\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Glasgow, College of Science and Engineering, Research Funds"},{"name":"University of Glasgow, College of Science and Engineering, MSc Research Funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    From the perspectives of grounded, situated, and embodied cognition, we have developed a new approach for assessing individual differences. Because this approach is grounded in two dimensions of situatedness\u2014situational experience and the Situated Action Cycle\u2014we refer to it as the\n                    <jats:italic>Situated Assessment Method<\/jats:italic>\n                    (SAM\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Rather than abstracting over situations during assessment of a construct (as in traditional assessment instruments), SAM\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    assesses a construct in situations where it occurs, simultaneously measuring factors from the Situated Action Cycle known to influence it. To demonstrate this framework, we developed the SAM\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    Habitual Behavior Instrument (SAM\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    HBI). Across three studies with a total of 442 participants, the SAM\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    HBI produced a robust and replicable pattern of results at both the group and individual levels. Trait-level measures of habitual behavior exhibited large reliable individual differences in the regularity of performing positive versus negative habits. Situational assessments established large effects of situations and large situation by individual interactions. Several sources of evidence demonstrated construct and content validity for SAM\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    measures of habitual behavior. At both the group and individual levels, these measures were associated with factors from the Situated Action Cycle known to influence habitual behavior in the literature (consistency, automaticity, immediate reward, long-term reward). Regressions explained approximately 65% of the variance at the group level and a median of approximately 75% at the individual level. SAM\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    measures further exhibited well-established interactions with personality measures for self-control and neuroticism. Cognitive-affective processes from the Situated Action Cycle explained nearly all the variance in these interactions. Finally, a composite measure of habitualness established habitual behaviors at both the group and individual levels. Additionally, a composite measure of reward was positively related to the composite measure of habitualness, increasing with self-control and decreasing with neuroticism.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T23:04:30Z","timestamp":1687475070000},"page":"e0286954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Situated Assessment Method (SAM2): Establishing individual differences in habitual behavior"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"L\u00e9o","family":"Dutriaux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi E.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther K.","family":"Papies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3127-8764","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christoph","family":"Scheepers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1232-3152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lawrence W.","family":"Barsalou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0286954.ref001","volume-title":"The Cambridge handbook of situated cognition","author":"M Aydede","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0286954.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X99002149","article-title":"Perceptual symbol systems","volume":"22","author":"LW Barsalou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"pone.0286954.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639","article-title":"Grounded cognition","volume":"59","author":"LW Barsalou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"1521","key":"pone.0286954.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0319","article-title":"Simulation, situated conceptualization, and prediction","volume":"364","author":"LW Barsalou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0286954.ref005","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Foundations of embodied cognition: Volume 1 Perceptual and emotional embodiment","author":"LW Barsalou","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0286954.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2016.04.009","article-title":"Situated conceptualization offers a theoretical account of social priming","volume":"12","author":"LW Barsalou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0286954.ref007","volume-title":"Foundations of embodied cognition: Volume 1. 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