{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:44:26Z","timestamp":1789425866968,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007514","name":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ateneo 2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ateneo 2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007514","name":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ateneo 2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ateneo 2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of postural training on postural stability and vestibulospinal reflexes (VSRs) were investigated in normal subjects. A period (23 minutes) of repeated episodes (n = 10, 50 seconds) of unipedal stance elicited a progressive reduction of the area covered by centre of pressure (CoP) displacement, of average CoP displacement along the X and Y axes and of CoP velocity observed in this challenging postural task. All these changes were correlated to each other with the only exception of those in X and Y CoP displacement. Moreover, they were larger in the subjects showing higher initial instability in unipedal stance, suggesting that they were triggered by the modulation of sensory afferents signalling body sway. No changes in bipedal stance occurred soon and 1 hour after this period of postural training, while a reduction of CoP displacement was apparent after 24 hours, possibly due to a beneficial effect of overnight sleep on postural learning. The same period of postural training also reduced the CoP displacement elicited by electrical vestibular stimulation (EVS) along the X axis up to 24 hours following the training end. No significant changes in postural parameters of bipedal stance and VSRs could be observed in control experiments where subjects were tested at identical time points without performing the postural training. Therefore, postural training led to a stricter control of CoP displacement, possibly acting through the cerebellum by enhancing feedforward mechanisms of postural stability and by depressing the VSR, the most important reflex mechanism involved in balance maintenance under challenging conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T17:28:36Z","timestamp":1686590916000},"page":"e0287123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of a short period of postural training on postural stability and vestibulospinal reflexes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Grasso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Barresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Paola","family":"Tramonti Fantozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Lazzerini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6900-1306","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luca","family":"Bruschini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Berrettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Andre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Dolciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"De Cicco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4363-388X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Davide","family":"De Cicco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7272-8370","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paola","family":"d\u2019Ascanio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Orsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Montanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ugo","family":"Faraguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4969-9134","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diego","family":"Manzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0287123.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.11.015","article-title":"Plasticity of the postural function to sport and\/or motor experience","volume":"72","author":"T. Paillard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0082-5","article-title":"A systematic review of the relationship between physical activities in sports or daily life and postural sway in upright stance","volume":"43","author":"H Kiers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0559-0","article-title":"Effectiveness of Exercise Interventions to Improve Postural Control in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Centre of Pressure Measurements","volume":"47","author":"DC Low","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2014.10.016","article-title":"Improvement of balance control ability and flexibility in the elderly Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) practitioners: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Y Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c1f7c5","article-title":"Evidence supporting balance training in healthy individuals: a systemic review","volume":"23","author":"LJ DiStefano","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0284-5","article-title":"Dose-response relationships of balance training in healthy young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"M Lesinski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0794-9","article-title":"Preventative effect of exercise against falls in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"J Iwamoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280500163653","article-title":"Effects of training and detraining on the static and dynamic balance in elderly fallers and non-fallers: a pilot study","volume":"28","author":"C Toulotte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2009.06.1719","article-title":"A lower-limb training program to improve balance in healthy elderly women using the T-bow device","volume":"37","author":"I Chulvi-Medrano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03337736","article-title":"Effects of a dynamic balance training protocol on podalic support in older women. Pilot Study","volume":"22","author":"G Battaglia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-018-0203-0","article-title":"Relationship between a three-month physical conditioning \u201cposture-balance-motricity and health education\u201d (PBM-HE) program on postural and balance capacities of sedentary older adults: influence of initial motor profile","volume":"15","author":"PL Bernard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Rev Aging Phys Act"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2585","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092585","article-title":"Impact of Visual Biofeedback of Trunk Sway Smoothness on Motor Learning during Unipedal Stance","volume":"20","author":"C Cruz-Montecinos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2011.637126","article-title":"Does sensorimotor training improve the static balance of young volleyball players?","volume":"11","author":"M Pau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Biomech"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13240","article-title":"Evidence of balance training-induced improvement in soccer-specific skills in U11 soccer players","volume":"28","author":"E C\u00e8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.01.004","article-title":"Are there specific conditions for which expertise in gymnastics could have an effect on postural control and performance?","volume":"27","author":"FB Asseman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.12.102","article-title":"Is there a transfer of postural ability from specific to unspecific postures in elite gymnasts?","volume":"358","author":"F Asseman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278890","article-title":"Motor learning induces time-dependent plasticity that is observable at the spinal cord level","volume":"598","author":"L-S Giboin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-020-05930-8","article-title":"Asymmetric interlateral transfer of motor learning in unipedal dynamic balance","volume":"238","author":"AJ Marcori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(94)90137-6","article-title":"Postural control system","volume":"4","author":"J. Massion","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891390","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/891390","article-title":"Techniques and Methods for Testing the Postural Function in Healthy and Pathological Subjects","volume":"2015","author":"T Paillard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0657-0","article-title":"Cortical control of postural responses","volume":"114","author":"JV Jacobs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref022","first-page":"99","article-title":"Long-latency reflexes account for limb biomechanics through several supraspinal pathways","volume":"8","author":"IL Kurtzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230477","article-title":"Postural electromyographic responses in the arm and leg following galvanic vestibular stimulation in man","volume":"94","author":"TC Britton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3200\/JMBR.39.1.68-78","article-title":"Training-specific adaptations of H- and stretch reflexes in human soleus muscle","volume":"39","author":"M Gruber","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01268.x","article-title":"Improved postural control after slackline training is accompanied by reduced H-reflexes","volume":"22","author":"M Keller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.04.186","article-title":"Improved postural control in response to a 4-week balance training with partially unloaded bodyweight","volume":"40","author":"K Freyler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3089-1","article-title":"Effect of balance training on neuromuscular function at rest and during isometric maximum voluntary contraction","volume":"115","author":"M Behrens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116061","article-title":"Cortical, subcortical and spinal neural correlates of slackline training-induced balance performance improvements","volume":"202","author":"L-S Giboin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.08.048","article-title":"Task-specific changes in motor evoked potentials of lower limb muscles after different training interventions","volume":"1179","author":"S Beck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06186.x","article-title":"Balance training and ballistic strength training are associated with task-specific corticospinal adaptations","volume":"27","author":"M Schubert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12952-017-0076-1","article-title":"Behavioral and neural adaptations in response to five weeks of balance training in older adults: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"J Ruffieux","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Negat Results Biomed"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2014.11.013","article-title":"Effects of short-term training combining strength and balance exercises on maximal strength and upright standing steadiness in elderly adults","volume":"61","author":"F Penzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.12.043","article-title":"Effect of 12 weeks of Tai Chi training on soleus Hoffmann reflex and control of static posture in older adults","volume":"92","author":"Y-S Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2182-y","article-title":"Effects of 12-week Tai Chi training on soleus H-reflex and muscle strength in older adults: a pilot study","volume":"112","author":"Y-S Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref035","first-page":"235","article-title":"Effects of a complex balance task on soleus H-reflex and presynaptic inhibition in humans","volume":"49","author":"K Kitano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2007.01665.x","article-title":"Cortical and spinal adaptations induced by balance training: correlation between stance stability and corticospinal activation","volume":"189","author":"W Taube","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-964996","article-title":"Differential reflex adaptations following sensorimotor and strength training in young elite athletes","volume":"28","author":"W Taube","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235249","article-title":"Adapting reflexes controlling the human posture","volume":"26","author":"LM Nashner","year":"1976","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.10.005","article-title":"Effects of balance training with visual feedback during mechanically unperturbed standing on postural corrective responses","volume":"35","author":"DG Sayenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.12.007","article-title":"Training induced adaptations in characteristics of postural reflexes in elderly men","volume":"24","author":"U Granacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.01.007","article-title":"Intracortical Inhibition Increases during Postural Task Execution in Response to Balance Training","volume":"401","author":"A Mouthon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00856.2004","article-title":"Stimulus-dependent changes in the vestibular contribution to human postural control","volume":"95","author":"M Cenciarini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0287123.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.930000.55.S1.121","article-title":"Somatosensory influence on postural response to galvanic vestibular stimulation","volume":"55","author":"F Hlavacka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00444","article-title":"Postural Control in Bilateral Vestibular Failure: Its Relation to Visual, Proprioceptive, Vestibular, and Cognitive Input","volume":"8","author":"A Sprenger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref045","first-page":"54","article-title":"A new technique to investigate vestibulo-spinal reflexes","volume":"151","author":"C Grasso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Ital Biol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref046","first-page":"413","article-title":"Human postural dynamics","volume":"18","author":"R Johansson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.3.1097","article-title":"Sensorimotor integration in human postural control","volume":"88","author":"RJ Peterka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0287123.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii7","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl077","article-title":"Postural orientation and equilibrium: what do we need to know about neural control of balance to prevent falls?","volume":"35","author":"FB Horak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.076307","article-title":"Human postural sway results from frequent, ballistic bias impulses by soleus and gastrocnemius","volume":"564","author":"ID Loram","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229788","article-title":"Open-loop and closed-loop control of posture: a random-walk analysis of center-of-pressure trajectories","volume":"95","author":"JJ Collins","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00241972","article-title":"The effects of visual input on open-loop and closed-loop postural control mechanisms","volume":"103","author":"JJ Collins","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1981.45.5.852","article-title":"Convergence and interaction of neck and macular vestibular inputs on vestibulospinal neurons","volume":"45","author":"R Boyle","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1981.46.1.48","article-title":"Responses of lateral reticular neurons to convergent neck and macular vestibular inputs","volume":"46","author":"L Kubin","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90142-8","article-title":"Convergence and interaction of neck and macular vestibular inputs on reticulospinal neurons","volume":"12","author":"O Pompeiano","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00248355","article-title":"Neuronal coding of linear motion in the vestibular nuclei of the alert cat. III. Dynamic characteristics of visual-otolith interactions","volume":"70","author":"C Xerri","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488909139032","article-title":"Responses of locus coeruleus neurons to convergent neck and vestibular inputs","volume":"468","author":"D Manzoni","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol Suppl"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005786","article-title":"Corticovestibular interactions: anatomy, electrophysiology, and functional considerations","volume":"117","author":"K. Fukushima","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.05.063","article-title":"Responses of Purkinje-cells of the cerebellar anterior vermis to stimulation of vestibular and somatosensory receptors","volume":"142","author":"L Bruschini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10499","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1937-09.2009","article-title":"Multimodal integration in rostral fastigial nucleus provides an estimate of body movement","volume":"29","author":"JX Brooks","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00350.2019","article-title":"Integration of vestibular and hindlimb inputs by vestibular nucleus neurons: multisensory influences on postural control","volume":"125","author":"AA McCall","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(78)90291-3","article-title":"Visual contribution to rapid motor responses during postural control","volume":"150","author":"L Nashner","year":"1978","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"pone.0287123.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489509125196","article-title":"Role of the spinocerebellum in adaptive gain control of cat\u2019s vestibulospinal reflex","volume":"520","author":"O Pompeiano","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol Suppl"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.11.060","article-title":"Adaptive modification of the cats vestibulospinal reflex during sustained and combined roll tilt of the whole animal and forepaw rotation: cerebellar mechanisms","volume":"132","author":"P Andre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00687.2019","article-title":"Challenging balance during sensorimotor adaptation increases generalization","volume":"123","author":"A Bakkum","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210100802","article-title":"Vestibular influences on human postural control in combinations of pitch and roll planes reveal differences in spatiotemporal processing","volume":"140","author":"MG Carpenter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112131","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112131","article-title":"Central adaptation to repeated galvanic vestibular stimulation: implications for pre-flight astronaut training","volume":"9","author":"V Dilda","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000009","article-title":"Sleep and motor learning: Is there room for consolidation?","volume":"141","author":"SC Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.04.026","article-title":"Sleeping on the motor engram: The multifaceted nature of sleep-related motor memory consolidation","volume":"80","author":"BR King","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11987","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.182178199","article-title":"Sleep forms memory for finger skills","volume":"99","author":"S Fischer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-021-05566-z","article-title":"Effects of task difficulty during practice on learning a dynamic balance task in healthy young adults: An intervention study","volume":"14","author":"S Schedler","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref071","first-page":"173","article-title":"Programmatic vestibular rehabilitation","volume":"112","author":"NT Shepard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2011.7.4.184","article-title":"Vestibular rehabilitation therapy: review of indications, mechanisms, and key exercises","volume":"7","author":"BI Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819410-2.00005-9","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a tool to induce and explore plasticity in humans","volume":"184","author":"A Suppa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icab019","article-title":"Dopamine Modulation of Motor and Sensory Cortical Plasticity among Vertebrates","volume":"61","author":"M Macedo-Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-091421-125115","article-title":"The Cerebellar Cortex","volume":"45","author":"C Hull","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.03.017","article-title":"Rapid and specific gray matter changes in M1 induced by balance training","volume":"133","author":"M Taubert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-015-0671-y","article-title":"Hypnotizability and Performance on a Prism Adaptation Test","volume":"14","author":"M Menzocchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"pone.0287123.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.4.1183","article-title":"Throwing while looking through prisms. I. Focal olivocerebellar lesions impair adaptation","volume":"119","author":"TA Martin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"pone.0287123.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.4.1199","article-title":"Throwing while looking through prisms. II. Specificity and storage of multiple gaze-throw calibrations","volume":"119","author":"TA Martin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref080","first-page":"639","article-title":"The motor learning induces plastic changes in dendritic spines of Purkinje cells from the neocerebellar cortex of the rat","volume":"33","author":"D Gonz\u00e1lez-Tapia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref081","first-page":"877","volume-title":"Cerebellar Control of Posture and Movement. Comprehensive Physiology","author":"VB Brooks","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref082","first-page":"251","article-title":"Depression of the vestibulospinal reflex by intravermal microinjection of GABAA and GABAB agonists in the decerebrate cat","volume":"4","author":"P Andre","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/102.3.461","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of stance in late cortical cerebellar atrophy of the anterior lobe and other forms of cerebellar ataxia","volume":"102","author":"KH Mauritz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-015-0758-5","article-title":"Body Sway Increases After Functional Inactivation of the Cerebellar Vermis by cTBS","volume":"16","author":"S Colnaghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-017-0863-8","article-title":"Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (ctDCS) Impairs Balance Control in Healthy Individuals","volume":"16","author":"\u00c1 Foerster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-020-01172-0","article-title":"Cathodal Cerebellar tDCS Combined with Visual Feedback Improves Balance Control","volume":"19","author":"M Emadi Andani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref087","first-page":"243","article-title":"Depression of the vestibulospinal reflex adaptation by intravermal microinjection of GABA-A and GABA-B agonists in the cat","volume":"132","author":"D Manzoni","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Ital Biol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.03.025","article-title":"Priming of postural training with cerebellar anodal transcranial direct current stimulation for its effects on postural balance and fear of falling in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study","volume":"99","author":"F Ehsani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.07.044","article-title":"Multi-session anodal tDCS enhances the effects of postural training on balance and postural stability in older adults with high fall risk: Primary motor cortex versus cerebellar stimulation","volume":"11","author":"MH Yosephi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref090","first-page":"163","article-title":"Classically conditioned postural reflex in cerebellar patients","volume":"158","author":"FP Kolb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref091","first-page":"117","article-title":"Injections of beta-noradrenergic substances in the cerebellar anterior vermis of cats affect adaptation of the vestibulospinal reflex gain","volume":"132","author":"O Pompeiano","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Ital Biol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90156-2","article-title":"Noradrenergic agents in the cerebellar vermis affect adaptation of the vestibulospinal reflex gain","volume":"35","author":"O Pompeiano","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90533-6","article-title":"On the projections from the locus coeruleus noradrealine neurons: the cerebellar innervation","volume":"28","author":"L Olson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1983.63.3.844","article-title":"Nucleus locus ceruleus: new evidence of anatomical and physiological specificity","volume":"63","author":"SL Foote","year":"1983","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/000348941112000301","article-title":"Adaptation to steady-state electrical stimulation of the vestibular system in humans","volume":"120","author":"J-P Guyot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"pone.0287123.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.587bb.x","article-title":"Vestibulocollic reflexes evoked by short-duration galvanic stimulation in man","volume":"513","author":"SR Watson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00008.2004","article-title":"Probing the human vestibular system with galvanic stimulation","volume":"96","author":"RC Fitzpatrick","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.02.036","article-title":"Vestibular-Evoked Responses Indicate a Functional Role for Intrinsic Foot Muscles During Standing Balance","volume":"377","author":"JW Wallace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.12.008","article-title":"Soleus H-reflex and its relation to static postural control","volume":"33","author":"Y-S Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B321","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.8.B321","article-title":"Soleus H-reflex gain in healthy elderly and young adults when lying, standing, and balancing","volume":"57","author":"GR Chalmers","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00007.2001","article-title":"Down training of the elderly soleus H reflex with the use of a spinally induced balance perturbation","volume":"93","author":"RG Mynark","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref102","first-page":"255","volume-title":"Postural Orientation and Equilibrium. Comprehensive Physiology","author":"FB Horak","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0287123.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.132092","article-title":"Feedforward versus feedback modulation of human vestibular-evoked balance responses by visual self-motion information","volume":"582","author":"BL Day","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Physiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T17:29:59Z","timestamp":1686590999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287123"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Manabu","family":"Sakakibara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287123","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]}}}