{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T01:27:10Z","timestamp":1788571630671,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The abuse of psychogenic drugs can lead to multiple health-related problems. Genetic and environmental vulnerabilities are factors in the emergence of substance use disorders. Empirical evidence regarding the gene\u2013environment interaction in substance use is mixed. Summaries of the latest findings from a candidate gene approach will be useful for revealing the significance of particular gene contributions. Thus, we aim to identify different gene\u2013environment interactions in patterns of substance use and investigate whether any effects trend notably across different genders and races.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We reviewed published studies, until March 1, 2022, on substance use for candidate gene\u2013environment interaction. Basic demographics of the included studies, target genes, environmental factors, main findings, patterns of gene\u2013environment interaction, and other relevant information were collected and summarized.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among a total of 44 studies, 38 demonstrated at least one significant interaction effect. About 61.5% of studies on the <jats:italic>5-HTTLPR<\/jats:italic> gene, 100% on the <jats:italic>MAOA<\/jats:italic> gene, 42.9% on the <jats:italic>DRD2<\/jats:italic> gene, 50% on the <jats:italic>DRD4<\/jats:italic> gene, 50% on the <jats:italic>DAT<\/jats:italic> gene, 80% on the <jats:italic>CRHR1<\/jats:italic> gene, 100% on the <jats:italic>OPRM1<\/jats:italic> gene, 100% on the <jats:italic>GABRA1<\/jats:italic> gene, and 50% on the <jats:italic>CHRNA<\/jats:italic> gene had a significant gene\u2013environment interaction effect. The diathesis\u2013stress model represents a dominant interaction pattern (89.5%) in the studies with a significant interaction effect; the remaining significant effect on substance use is found in the differential susceptibility model. The social push and swing model were not reported in the included studies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The gene\u2013environment interaction research on substance use behavior is methodologically multidimensional, which causes difficulty in conducting pooled analysis, or stated differently\u2013making it hard to identify single sources of significant influence over maladaptive patterns of drug taking. In decreasing the heterogeneity and facilitating future pooled analysis, researchers must (1) replicate the existing studies with consistent study designs and measures, (2) conduct power calculations to report gene\u2013environment correlations, (3) control for covariates, and (4) generate theory-based hypotheses with factorial based experiments when designing future studies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T17:31:50Z","timestamp":1698773510000},"page":"e0287446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Candidate gene-environment interactions in substance abuse: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7160-4512","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zidong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4246-2492","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0287446.ref001","author":"WHO","year":"2021","journal-title":"WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000\u20132025"},{"key":"pone.0287446.ref002","author":"WHO","year":"2019","journal-title":"Action needed to reduce health impact of harmful alcohol use. 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