{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:26:43Z","timestamp":1791919603715,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme of Ministry of Higher Education","award":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/SSK02\/USM\/03\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/SSK02\/USM\/03\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011841","name":"Xinxiang Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["304 \/CIPPT \/6501295 \/X101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304 \/CIPPT \/6501295 \/X101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011841","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Kratom (<jats:italic>Mitragyna speciosa<\/jats:italic> Korth.) is widely use worldwide despite its addictive potential. Although psychostimulant use has been linked to occurrence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, data is lacking on how regular kratom use affects ER stress. This case-control study first determined differences in ER stress sensor protein expression (BiP, sXBP1, ATF4, CHOP, JNK, and p-JNK) between regular kratom users and healthy controls. Second, it evaluated the association between kratom use characteristics, targeted ER stress sensor protein expression, and \u201ckratom use disorder\u201d diagnosed with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders 5<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> Edition (DSM-5) among regular kratom users.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In total, 60 regular kratom users and 50 healthy control-group participants were recruited and administered a sociodemographic and clinical characteristics questionnaire. While participants who used kratom were also administered a kratom use characteristics questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from all participants, and targeted ER stress sensor protein expression was determined via Western blot analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study\u2019s findings revealed first that kratom users registered significantly higher protein expression in all targeted ER stress sensors compared to the control group. Second, higher protein expression of CHOP (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = 5.061, standard error [SE] = 2.547, Wald = 3.948, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.382, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.071 to 9.656, p = 0.047) and p-JNK (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = 5.795, SE = 2.635, Wald = 4.544, AOR = 17.025, 95% CI = 1.395 to 24.123, p = 0.017) increased the odds of kratom use disorder occurrence. Kratom use characteristics and other ER stress sensor protein expression were not associated with kratom use disorder.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Regular kratom use may induce protracted ER stress, leading to the decompensation of the unfolded protein response to maintain ER homeostasis. This effect may be linked to kratom use disorder occurrence.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T22:21:53Z","timestamp":1687645313000},"page":"e0287466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Kratom use disorder and unfolded protein response: Evaluating their relationship in a case control study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei 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