{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:22:10Z","timestamp":1791872530085,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CIRCB","award":["11\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11\/2018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009468","name":"Sasakawa Memorial Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EB144\/SR\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EB144\/SR\/17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009468","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) co-infection has been described as the most severe form of viral hepatitis, and can be co-transmitted from mother-to-child. A seroprevalence of 4.0% of HDV infection was reported in pregnant women in Yaound\u00e9, and 11.9% in the general population in Cameroon. Our objective was to describe the rate of HDV infection in HBsAg-positive pregnant women and to determine risk factors associated with mother-to-child transmission of HDV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted from January 2019 to July 2022 among pregnant women attending antenatal contacts in seven health structures in the Centre Region of Cameroon. A consecutive sampling (non-probability sampling) was used to select only pregnant women of age over 21 years, who gave a written informed consent. Following an informed consent, an open-ended questionnaire was used for a Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) survey of these women, and their blood specimens collected and screened for HBsAg, anti-HIV and anti-HCV antibodies by rapid tests and ELISA. HBsAg-positive samples were further screened for HBeAg, anti-HDV, anti-HBs, and anti HBc antibodies by ELISA, and plasma HDV RNA load measured by RT-qPCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 1992 pregnant women, a rate of 6.7% of HBsAg (133\/1992) with highest rate in the rural areas, and 3.9% of hepatitis vaccination rate were recorded. Of 130, 42 (32.3%) were anti-HDV antibody-positive, and 47.6% had detectable HDV RNA viraemia. Of 44 anti-HDV-positive cases, 2 (4.5%) were co-infected with HBV and HCV, while 5 (11.4%) with HIV and HBV. Multiple pregnancies, the presence of tattoos and\/or scarifications were significantly associated with the presence of anti-HDV antibodies. Of note, 80% of women with negative HBeAg and positive anti-HBe serological profile, had plasma HDV RNA load of more than log 3.25 (&gt;10.000 copies\/ml).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results show an intermediate rate of HDV infection among pregnant women with high level of HDV RNA viremia, which suggest an increased risk of vertical and horizontal co-transmission of HDV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T13:31:10Z","timestamp":1718890270000},"page":"e0287491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors of transmission of hepatitis delta virus in pregnant women in the Center Region of Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Juliette-Laure","family":"Ndzie Ondigui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nad\u00e8ge","family":"Mafopa Goumkwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Lobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Wandji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Awoumou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prisca","family":"Voussou Djivida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puinta","family":"Peyonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solange","family":"Manju Atah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Verbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Kamgaing Simo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie Agn\u00e8s","family":"Moudourou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosi","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Honorine","family":"Riwom Essama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robinson","family":"Mbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3844-8428","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Judith","family":"Torimiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0287491.ref001","author":"WHO","year":"2020","journal-title":"Key facts on hepatitis B"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287491.ref002","first-page":"31","article-title":"Seroprevalence of hepatitis D virus infection in a population of blood donors carrying HBs Antigen at the Bobo-Dioulasso Regional Blood Transfusion","volume":"10","author":"A. Sawadogo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal Africain d\u2019H\u00e9pato-Gastroent\u00e9rologie"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0287491.ref003","first-page":"132","article-title":"Anti-HDV seroprevalance among patients with previous HBV infection","volume":"5","author":"A. Sahin","year":"2018","journal-title":"North Clin Istanb"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287491.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(93)90768-R","article-title":"Acute viral hepatitis in pregnancy","volume":"40","author":"A. Medhat","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0287491.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2015.52030","article-title":"High prevalence of chronic hepatitis D virus infection in Eastern Turkey: urbanization of the disease.","volume":"12","author":"A.C. Dulger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"pone.0287491.ref006","author":"A.T. kabamba","year":"2020","journal-title":"seroprevalence among people with chronic hepatitis B in Lubumbashi (DRC)."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0287491.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e992","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30298-X","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"A.J. Stockdale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0287491.ref008","first-page":"9312650","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Hepatitis D Virus in North Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2018","author":"M.A. Daw","year":"2018","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287491.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-2120-7","article-title":"ates of HBV, HCV, HDV and HIV type 1 among pregnant women and HIV type 1 drug resistance-associated mutations in breastfeeding women on antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"18","author":"J.N. Torimiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0287491.ref010","author":"WHO","year":"2022","journal-title":"Key facts on hepatitis D"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0287491.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320027","article-title":"The epidemiology of hepatitis delta virus infection in Cameroon","volume":"69","author":"C. Besombes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"pone.0287491.ref012","author":"DDCEP","year":"2022","journal-title":"Department of Disease Control, Epidemics and Pandemics: Monitoring Report of Key Health Indicators in Cameroon in 2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0287491.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015298","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015298","article-title":"Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in Cameroon: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"J.J. Bigna","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0287491.ref014","author":"CAMPHIA","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evaluation of the impact of HIV on the population in Cameroon"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287491.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30078-5","article-title":"High prevalence of hepatitis delta virus in Cameroon","volume":"8","author":"E.K. Butler","year":"2018","journal-title":". Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287491.ref016","first-page":"14","article-title":"Sample size calculation in medical studies","volume":"6","author":"M.A. Pourhoseingholi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench"},{"key":"pone.0287491.ref017","author":"WHO","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatitis D."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0287491.ref018","first-page":"14","volume":"81","author":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Dent,"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0287491.ref019","volume":"142","author":"Viral Hepatitis in Pregnancy: ACOG Clinical Practice Guideline No. 6","year":"2023","journal-title":". Obstetrics & Gynecology,"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287491.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12991","article-title":"High prevalence and diversity of hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus in Gabon","volume":"26","author":"S. Groc","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287491.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4731-7","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of hepatitis B and C infections in Nanoro, rural Burkina Faso: a random sampling survey","volume":"20","author":"M. Lingani","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287491.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.21106\/ijma.174","article-title":"Prevalence and Identification of Serum Markers Associated with Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B in Pregnant Women in YaoundeCameroon.","volume":"6","author":"L.H.E. Sone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J MCH AIDS"},{"key":"pone.0287491.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2019.32.122.16055","article-title":"The prevalence of HBsAg, knowledge and practice of hepatitis B prevention among pregnant women in the Limbe and Muyuka Health Districts of the South West region of Cameroon: a three-year retrospective study.","volume":"32","author":"E.M. Eyong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"pone.0287491.ref024","first-page":"61","article-title":"[Factors associated with hepatitis B infection in pregnant women at health facilities in the health district of Mokolo\/Far North of Cameroon].","volume":"41","author":"A.R.N. Mawouma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"pone.0287491.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.36.362.17787","article-title":"Hepatitis B infection in the rural area of Dschang, Cameroon: seroprevalence and associated factors.","volume":"36","author":"T.D. Tadongfack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J,"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0287491.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.1.5.2163","article-title":"A new DTPw-HBV\/Hib vaccine is immunogenic and safe when administered according to the EPI (Expanded Programme for Immunization) schedule and following hepatitis B vaccination at birth.","volume":"1","author":"S. Gatchalian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0287491.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1991.tb05138.x","article-title":"Hepatitis D in Yaounde","volume":"99","author":"P.M. Ndumbe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cameroon. Apmis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287491.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4460-4","article-title":"Evolutionary trends in the prevalence of anti-HDV antibodies among patients positive for HBsAg referred to a national laboratory in Cameroon from 2012 to 2017","volume":"12","author":"L. Noubissi-Jouegouo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0287491.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2017.05.010","article-title":"Prevalence and Characteristics of Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection in a Tertiary Hospital Setting in Cameroon","volume":"7","author":"H.N. Luma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287491.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-022-05976-7","article-title":"Endemicity and genetic diversity of Hepatitis delta virus among Pygmies in Cameroon, Central Africa","volume":"15","author":"Y. Foupouapouognigni","year":"2022","journal-title":". BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0287491.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23336","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus in pregnant women and in patients in Mauritania","volume":"84","author":"W. Mansour","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0287491.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02142-07","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis B and delta viruses in pregnant women in Gabon: molecular evidence that hepatitis delta virus clade 8 originates from and is endemic in central Africa","volume":"46","author":"M. Makuwa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0287491.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006377","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006377","article-title":"Hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus infections in the Central African Republic, twenty-five years after a fulminant hepatitis outbreak, indicate continuing spread in asymptomatic young adults.","volume":"12","author":"N.P. Komas","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0287491.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23951","article-title":"Prevalence of HBV, HDV, HCV, and HIV infection during pregnancy in northern Benin","volume":"86","author":"M. De Paschale","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Virol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287491","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T13:31:38Z","timestamp":1718890298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287491"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Chemin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287491","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]}}}