{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T21:42:06Z","timestamp":1788903726524,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ifakara Health Institute Training Unit"},{"name":"Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000308","name":"Carnegie Corporation of New York","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G-19-57145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-19-57145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000308","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004441","name":"Sida","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["54100113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["54100113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Uppsala Monitoring Center, Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107768\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107768\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["216448\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["216448\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The role of larval predators in regulating the <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic> population in various malaria-endemic countries remains relatively unknown. This study aimed to investigate the common predators that co-exist with <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic> group larvae and evaluate factors that influence their abundance in rural south-eastern Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mosquito larvae and predators were sampled concurrently using standard dipper (350 ml) or 10 L bucket in previously identified aquatic habitats in selected villages in southern Tanzania. Predators and mosquito larvae were identified using standard identification keys. All positive habitats were geo-located and their physical features characterized. Water physicochemical parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and temperature were also recorded.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 85 previously identified <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>funestus<\/jats:italic> aquatic habitats in nine villages were sampled for larvae and potential predators. A total of 8,295 predators were sampled. Of these Coenagrionidae 57.7% (n = 4785), Corixidae 12.8% (n = 1,060), Notonectidae 9.9% (n = 822), Aeshnidae 4.9% (n = 405), Amphibian 4.5% (n = 370), Dytiscidae 3.8% (n = 313) were common. A total of 5,260 mosquito larvae were sampled, whereby <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic> group were 60.3% (n = 3,170), <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> spp. 24.3% (n = 1,279), <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gambie s<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>. 8.3% (n = 438) and other anophelines 7.1% (n = 373). Permanent and aquatic habitats larger than 100m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> were positively associated with <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>funestus<\/jats:italic> group larvae (P&lt;0.05) and predator abundance (P&lt;0.05). Habitats with submerged vegetation were negatively associated with <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>funestus<\/jats:italic> group larvae (P&lt;0.05). Only dissolved oxygen (DO) was positively and significantly affect the abundance of <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>funestus<\/jats:italic> group larvae (P&lt;0.05). While predators\u2019 abundance was not impacted by all physicochemical parameters.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Six potential predator families were common in aquatic habitats of <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>funestus<\/jats:italic> group larvae. Additional studies are needed to demonstrate the efficacy of different predators on larval density and adult fitness traits. Interventions leveraging the interaction between mosquitoes and predators can be established to disrupt the transmission potential and survival of the <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>funestus<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T17:24:00Z","timestamp":1687800240000},"page":"e0287655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Common predators and factors influencing their abundance in Anopheles funestus aquatic habitats in rural south-eastern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1971-7875","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Herieth H.","family":"Mahenge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letus L.","family":"Muyaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel D.","family":"Nkya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khamis S.","family":"Kifungo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najat F.","family":"Kahamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halfan S.","family":"Ngowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel W.","family":"Kaindoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0287655.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-1-8","article-title":"Advantages of larval control for African malaria vectors: low mobility and behavioural responsiveness of immature mosquito stages allow high effective coverage","volume":"1","author":"G Kileen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287655.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2046-y","article-title":"Community-based biological control of malaria mosquitoes using Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) in Rwanda: Community awareness, acceptance and participation","volume":"16","author":"CM Ingabire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0287655.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-362","article-title":"Integrated mosquito larval source management reduces larval numbers in two highland villages in western Kenya","volume":"12","author":"SS Imbahale","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0287655.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-353","article-title":"Larval source management for malaria control in Africa: Myths and reality","volume":"10","author":"U Fillinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar. 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