{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T12:11:24Z","timestamp":1782821484109,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP) is essential for interacting with Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) on the surface of red blood cells to allow invasion. Earlier whole genome sequence analyses provided evidence for the duplications of <jats:italic>PvDBP<\/jats:italic>. It is unclear whether <jats:italic>PvDBP<\/jats:italic> duplications play a role in recent increase of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> in Sudan and in Duffy-negative individuals. In this study, the prevalence and type of <jats:italic>PvDBP<\/jats:italic> duplications, and its relationship to demographic and clinical features were investigated. A total of 200 malaria-suspected blood samples were collected from health facilities in Khartoum, River Nile, and Al-Obied. Among them, 145 were confirmed to be <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>, and 43 (29.7%) had more than one <jats:italic>PvDBP<\/jats:italic> copies with up to four copies being detected. Both the Malagasy and Cambodian types of <jats:italic>PvDBP<\/jats:italic> duplication were detected. No significant difference was observed between the two types of duplications between Duffy groups. Parasitemia was significantly higher in samples with the Malagasy-type than those without duplications. No significant difference was observed in <jats:italic>PvDBP<\/jats:italic> duplication prevalence and copy number among study sites. The functional significance of <jats:italic>PvDBP<\/jats:italic> duplications, especially those Malagasy-type that associated with higher parasitemia, merit further investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T17:39:51Z","timestamp":1689874791000},"page":"e0287668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prevalence and distribution of Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein gene duplications in Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6139-7940","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Safaa","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kareen","family":"Pestana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8231-2902","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Elfaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiman","family":"Gamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arwa F.","family":"Elamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Omer","family":"Hamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarig Mohamed","family":"Elfaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumaia Mohamed Ahmed","family":"Abukashawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5631-4709","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6157-4388","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muzamil M.","family":"Abdel Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0287668.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004222","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax transmission in Africa.","volume":"9","author":"RE Howes","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLos Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0287668.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trw014","article-title":"Transmission of Plasmodium vivax in Duffy-negative individuals in central Sudan","volume":"110","author":"MH Abdelraheem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0287668.ref003","unstructured":"world malaria report 2021."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0287668.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32832f14c1","article-title":"New developments in Plasmodium vivax malaria: severe disease and the rise of chloroquine resistance.","volume":"22","author":"RN Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0287668.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.02.003","article-title":"The pathophysiology of vivax malaria","volume":"25","author":"NM Anstey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0287668.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007222","article-title":"Frequent expansion of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein in Ethiopia and its epidemiological significance.","volume":"13","author":"E Lo","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLos Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0287668.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-018-0128-3","article-title":"Asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax infections among Duffy-negative population in Kedougou","volume":"46","author":"M Niang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Senegal. 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