{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:27:21Z","timestamp":1791592041348,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous work has demonstrated that people are more willing to sacrifice one person to save five in a foreign language (FL) than in their native tongue. This may be due to the FL either reducing concerns about sacrificial harm (deontological inclinations) or increasing concerns about overall outcomes (utilitarian inclinations). Moreover, proficiency in a foreign language (FL) may moderate results. To test these possibilities, we investigated the moral foreign language effect (MFLE) in a novel sample of Russian L1\/English FL speakers. We employed process dissociation (PD)\u2014a technique that independently assesses concerns about rejecting harm and maximizing outcomes in sacrificial dilemmas, and we assessed measures of objective and subjective foreign language proficiency and of dilemma comprehension. Results replicated the pattern of increased acceptance of sacrificial harm in FL demonstrated in earlier studies, but a PD analysis showed no evidence of increased concerns for utilitarian outcomes in a FL; instead, this pattern was driven by reduced concerns regarding sacrificial harm. However, people who reported better dilemma comprehension in the FL demonstrated both stronger deontological and utilitarian responding, and people with higher objective proficiency displayed stronger utilitarian responding in the FL than those with lower proficiency. These findings show that utilitarian inclinations are affected by reading dilemmas in a foreign language mainly in low-proficiency speakers, and that while emotional concerns for sacrifice are reduced in FL, better comprehension can increase such concerns as well as concern for outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T17:54:07Z","timestamp":1689011647000},"page":"e0287789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Are people really less moral in their foreign language? Proficiency and comprehension matter for the moral foreign language effect in Russian speakers"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alena","family":"Kirova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4649-6008","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0287789.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94842","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094842","article-title":"Your morals depend on language.","volume":"9","author":"A Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0287789.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031021","article-title":"Deontological and utilitarian inclinations in moral decision making: a process dissociation approach","volume":"104","author":"P Conway","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref003","first-page":"5","article-title":"The problem of abortion and the doctrine of double effect","volume":"5","author":"P. Foot","year":"1967","journal-title":"Oxford Review"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref004","volume-title":"Trans., L. W. Beck","author":"I. Kant","year":"1959"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref005","author":"JS Mill","year":"1998"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2014.10.005","article-title":"\u2018Utilitarian\u2019 judgments in sacrificial moral dilemmas do not reflect impartial concern for the greater good.","volume":"134","author":"G Kahane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.04.018","article-title":"Sacrificial utilitarian judgments do reflect concern for the greater good: clarification via process dissociation and the judgments of philosophers.","volume":"179","author":"P Conway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0287789.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1086\/675875","article-title":"Beyond point-and-shoot morality: why cognitive (neuro) science matters for ethics.","volume":"124","author":"JD Greene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethics"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0287789.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000210","article-title":"A subjective utilitarian theory of moral judgment","volume":"145","author":"DJ Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref010","first-page":"70","volume-title":"The new reflectionism in cognitive psychology: Why reason matters","author":"JF Landy","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868313495594","article-title":"Action, outcome, and value: A dual-system framework for morality.","volume":"17","author":"F Cushman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.06.005","article-title":"Models of morality.","volume":"17","author":"MJ Crockett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref013","article-title":"Moral tribes: Emotion, reason, and the gap between us and them","author":"J. Greene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Penguin"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref014","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition","author":"P. Conway","year":"2023","edition":"2"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0287789.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.06.004","article-title":"Why are VMPFC patients more utilitarian? A dual-process theory of moral judgment explains","volume":"11","author":"J. Greene","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0287789.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617720944","article-title":"Thinking more or feeling less? Explaining the foreign-language effect on moral judgment","volume":"28","author":"S Hayakawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref017","first-page":"257","article-title":"When is a first language more emotional? Psychophysiological evidence from bilingual speakers","volume":"56","author":"CL Harris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bilingual Education and Bilingualism"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0287789.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/00207594.2012.743665","article-title":"Affective processing in bilingual speakers: Disembodied cognition?","volume":"47","author":"A. Pavlenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pone.0287789.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/01434630408666529","article-title":"The emotional force of swearwords and taboo words in the speech of multilinguals","volume":"25","author":"JM Dewaele","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01055","article-title":"Emotionality differences between a native and foreign language: Theoretical implications.","volume":"5","author":"CL Caldwell-Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0287789.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1515\/applirev-2018-0002","article-title":"The relationship between English proficiency and humour appreciation among English L1 users and Chinese L2 users of English.","volume":"10","author":"X Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Linguistics Review"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref022","article-title":"When early and late bilinguals lie: Skin conductance responses during a deception task.","author":"CL Caldwell-Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Boston University Psycholinguistics Laboratory Working Papers."},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2019.06.007","article-title":"Not all who ponder count costs: Arithmetic reflection predicts utilitarian tendencies, but logical reflection predicts both deontological and utilitarian tendencies.","volume":"192","author":"N Byrd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0287789.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000281","article-title":"Reasoning supports utilitarian resolutions to moral dilemmas across diverse measures","volume":"120","author":"I Patil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0287789.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000086","article-title":"Consequences, norms, and generalized inaction in moral dilemmas: The CNI model of moral decision-making","volume":"113","author":"B Gawronski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287789.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/09515089.2014.993063","article-title":"The moral foreign-language effect.","volume":"29","author":"H Cipolletti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philosophical Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0287789.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0131529","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131529","article-title":"The foreign language effect on moral judgment: The role of emotions and norms.","volume":"10","author":"J Geipel","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS One."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0287789.ref028","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Our moral choices are foreign to us","volume":"43","author":"JD Corey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2019.104148","article-title":"It\u2019s (not) all Greek to me: Boundaries of the foreign language effect.","volume":"196","author":"AS Dylman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognition."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287789.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/ajsp.12123","article-title":"Effects of dilemma type, language, and emotion arousal on utilitarian vs deontological choice to moral dilemmas in Chinese\u2013English bilinguals","volume":"19","author":"YL Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2020.104245","article-title":"Foreign language effect in decision-making: How foreign is it?","volume":"199","author":"M Miozzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref032","article-title":"Moral judgements in a foreign language: Expressing emotions and justifying decisions.","author":"A Kyriakou","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Bilingualism"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref033","article-title":"Basic concerns in test validation. Issues in Language Testing","volume":"135","author":"LF Bachman","year":"1981","journal-title":"ELT Documents 111."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0287789.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/amp048","article-title":"Complexity, accuracy, and fluency in second language acquisition.","volume":"30","author":"A Housen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Applied linguistics."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0287789.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-020-01871-z","article-title":"The foreign language effect on decision-making: A meta-analysis.","volume":"28","author":"R Circi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0287789.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1017\/langcog.2022.14","article-title":"Foreign to whom? Constraining the moral foreign language effect on bilinguals\u2019 language experience","volume":"14","author":"N Del Maschio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Language and Cognition."},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref037","article-title":"It\u2019s easier to kill a baby to save oneself than a fat man to save other people: The effect of moral dilemma and age on Russian-English bilinguals\u2019 moral reasoning.","author":"S Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2022.105082","article-title":"Not all bilinguals are the same: A meta-analysis of the moral foreign language effect","volume":"227","author":"M Stankovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0287789.ref039","first-page":"321","article-title":"Reading dilemmas in a foreign language reduces both deontological and utilitarian response tendencies","volume":"44","author":"R Muda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.plm.2018.09.002","article-title":"Multinomial processing trees as theoretical bridges between cognitive and social psychology","volume":"69","author":"J Calanchini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology of Learning and Motivation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287789.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/10463280903162177","article-title":"An integrative review of process dissociation and related models in social cognition.","volume":"20","author":"BK Payne","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Review of Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2019.103855","article-title":"Foreign language effects on moral dilemma judgments: An analysis using the CNI model","volume":"85","author":"M Bia\u0142ek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2021.104148","article-title":"Consequences, norms, or willingness to interfere: A proCNI model analysis of the foreign language effect in moral dilemma judgment","volume":"95","author":"M Hennig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287789.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000173","article-title":"Revisiting the divide between deontology and utilitarianism in moral dilemma judgment: A multinomial modeling approach","volume":"118","author":"M Hennig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref045","author":"SM Gass","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287789.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1515\/humor-2017-0112","article-title":"Are jokes funnier in one\u2019s native language?","volume":"31","author":"A Ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi-Dinn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Humor"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287789.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/languages6010043","article-title":"Can you make better decisions if you are bilingual?","volume":"6","author":"A Kirova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Languages"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139524780.007","volume-title":"Cognition and second language instruction","author":"R DeKeyser","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0287789.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-1770.1983.tb00532.x","article-title":"Second language learning: An information\u2010processing perspective.","volume":"33","author":"B McLaughlin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Language learning."},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470756492.ch13","volume-title":"The handbook of second language acquisition","author":"N Segalowitz","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287789.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/lang.12475","article-title":"Proficiency reporting practices in research on second language acquisition: Have we made any progress?","volume":"72","author":"HI Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Language Learning."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0287789.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.6.1121","article-title":"Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one\u2019s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments","volume":"77","author":"J Kruger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0287789.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728918000421","article-title":"When a seven is not a seven: Self-ratings of bilingual language proficiency differ between and within language populations.","volume":"22","author":"B Tomoschuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0287789.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/0265532220932481","article-title":"A meta-analysis of self-assessment and language performance in language testing and assessment.","volume":"38","author":"M Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Language Testing."},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2020.104420","article-title":"Thinking in a foreign language distorts allocation of cognitive effort: Evidence from reasoning.","volume":"205","author":"M Bia\u0142ek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0287789.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000413","article-title":"Not just bad actions: Affective concern for bad outcomes contributes to moral condemnation of harm in moral dilemmas.","volume":"18","author":"CJ Reynolds","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0287789.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/02699938908412711","article-title":"Talking with feeling: Integrating affective and linguistic expression in early language development.","volume":"3","author":"L Bloom","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cognition & Emotion."},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230289505","volume-title":"Emotions in multiple languages","author":"J. Dewaele","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287789.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/1747021818781017","article-title":"Self-bias and the emotionality of foreign languages","volume":"72","author":"L Ivaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0287789.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/1367006910379262","article-title":"Physiological reactivity to emotional phrases in Mandarin\u2014English bilinguals","volume":"15","author":"CL Caldwell-Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Bilingualism"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0287789.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/0267658317744008","article-title":"Processing of emotional words in bilinguals: Testing the effects of word concreteness, task type and language status.","volume":"34","author":"P Ferr\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Second Language Research"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pone.0287789.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/01434630408666530","article-title":"Bilingual speakers in the lab: Psychophysiological measures of emotional reactivity","volume":"25","author":"CL Harris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2020.101849","article-title":"Dunning-Kruger effect in second language speech learning: How does self perception align with other perception over time?","volume":"79","author":"K Saito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287789.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728914000832","article-title":"Flawed self-assessment: Investigating self-and other-perception of second language speech.","volume":"19","author":"P Trofimovich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition."},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref065","article-title":"The relationship of second language reading comprehension to its components: A meta-analysis of correlation coefficients [Paper presentation].","author":"EH Jeon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Second Language Research Forum, Ames, Iowa."},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref066","author":"J. Pe\u00f1arredonda","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2017.12.010","article-title":"Using a foreign language reduces mental imagery.","volume":"173","author":"S Hayakawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref068","article-title":"People are worse at detecting fake news in their foreign language","author":"R Muda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0287789.ref069","first-page":"117","article-title":"The effect of foreign language in judgments of risk and benefit: The role of affect","volume":"21","author":"C Hadjichristidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref070","article-title":"Study: You are likely to make immoral decisions while speaking a second language, study finds.","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Language Nerds."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0287789.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911517117","article-title":"Universals and variations in moral decisions made in 42 countries by 70,000 participants","volume":"117","author":"E Awad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01334","article-title":"Sociocultural influences on moral judgments: East\u2013west, male\u2013female, and young\u2013old.","volume":"7","author":"KR Arutyunova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in psychology."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0287789.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12131","article-title":"Revisiting external validity: Concerns about trolley problems and other sacrificial dilemmas in moral psychology.","volume":"8","author":"CW Bauman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0287789.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617752640","article-title":"Of mice, men, and trolleys: Hypothetical judgment versus real-life behavior in trolley-style moral dilemmas","volume":"29","author":"DH Bostyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2019.103834","article-title":"When skeptical, stick with the norm: Low dilemma plausibility increases deontological moral judgments","volume":"84","author":"A K\u00f6rner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2011.614000","article-title":"Finding faults: How moral dilemmas illuminate cognitive structure","volume":"7","author":"F Cushman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref077","volume-title":"The neuroscience of emotion: A new synthesis","author":"R Adolphs","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref078","author":"L. Pessoa","year":"2013"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0287789.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1080\/01434632.2019.1585863","article-title":"The auditory foreign-language effect of moral decision making in highly proficient bilinguals","volume":"40","author":"S. Brouwer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0287789.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1017\/S136672892000022X","article-title":"The interplay between emotion and modality in the Foreign-Language effect on moral decision making.","volume":"24","author":"Brouwer, 2020: Brouwer S","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0287789.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0186027","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186027","article-title":"What do your eyes reveal about your foreign language? Reading emotional sentences in a native and foreign language","volume":"12","author":"S Iacozza","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS One."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"pone.0287789.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1080\/13803611.2014.997140","article-title":"Measuring cognitive load and cognition: metrics for technology-enhanced learning","volume":"20","author":"S. Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educational Research and Evaluation."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0287789.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2006.06.006","article-title":"Beyond the critical period: Processing-based explanations for poor grammaticality judgment performance by late second language learners","volume":"55","author":"JL McDonald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"pone.0287789.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2021.1919717","article-title":"Humanistic learning elements in a blended learning environment: a study in an EFL teaching context.","author":"LH Al-Obaydi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287789","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T17:55:15Z","timestamp":1689011715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287789"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Namaziandost","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287789","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]}}}