{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T03:13:13Z","timestamp":1776309193333,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stop TB Partnership\/ TB REACH mechanism with funding support from the Government of Canada","award":["STBP\/TBREACH\/GSA\/W7-7426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STBP\/TBREACH\/GSA\/W7-7426"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Zambia is among the 30 high-burden countries for tuberculosis (TB), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-associated TB, and multi-drug resistant\/rifampicin resistant TB with over 5000 children developing TB every year. However, at least 32% of the estimated children remain undiagnosed. We assessed healthcare workers\u2019 (HCWs) knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards childhood TB and the factors associated with good KAP towards childhood TB.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data was collected at two primary healthcare facilities in Lusaka, Zambia from July to August 2020. Structured questionnaires were administered to HCWs that were selected through stratified random sampling. Descriptive analysis was done to determine KAP. A maximum knowledge, attitude, and practice scores for a participant were 44, 10, and 8 points respectively. The categorization as either \u201cpoor\u201d or \u201cgood\u201d KAP was determined based on the mean\/ median. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the associations between participant characteristics and KAP at statistically significant level of 0.05%.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among the 237 respondents, majority were under 30 years old (63.7%) and were female (72.6%). Half of the participants (50.6%) were from the outpatient department (OPD) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic, 109 (46.0) had been working at the facility for less than 1 year, 134 (56.5%) reported no previous training in TB. The median\/mean KAP scores were 28 (IQR 24.0\u201331.0), 7 (IQR = 6.0\u20138.0) and 5 points (SD = 1.9) respectively. Of the participants, 43.5% (103\/237) had good knowledge, 48.1% (114\/237) had a good attitude, and 54.4% (129\/237) had good practice scores on childhood TB. In the multivariate analysis, clinical officers and individuals with 1\u20135 years\u2019 work experience at the facility had higher odds, 2.61 (95% CI = 1.18\u20135.80, p = 0.018) and 3.09 (95% CI = 1.69\u20135.65, p = 0.001) of having good attitude respectively, and medical doctors had 0.17 lower odds (95% CI = 0.18\u20135.80, p = 0.018) of good childhood TB practice. Other participant characteristics didn\u2019t show a significant association with the scores.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study found suboptimal levels of knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding childhood TB among HCWs. Targeted programmatic support needs to be provided to address the above gaps.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T17:29:18Z","timestamp":1710178158000},"page":"e0287876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards childhood tuberculosis among healthcare workers at two primary health facilities in Lusaka, Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6217-1345","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul Chabala","family":"Kaumba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Siameka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Kagujje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chalilwe","family":"Chungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Nyangu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nsala","family":"Sanjase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minyoi Mubita","family":"Maimbolwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Shuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lophina","family":"Chilukutu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monde","family":"Muyoyeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0287876.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Global TB report 2023 Geneva2023 [cited 2023 29th November]. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/373828\/9789240083851-eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"pone.0287876.ref002","unstructured":"Stop TB partnership. Tuberculosis Situation in 2020, Zambia [cited 2022 10th June 2022]. Available from: https:\/\/www.stoptb.org\/static_pages\/ZMB_Dashboard.html."},{"key":"pone.0287876.ref003","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Zambia- National TB and Leprosy Program. 2021 Annual report Lusaka Zambia2022 [cited 2023 15th May]. Available from: chrome-extension:\/\/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj\/https:\/\/www.moh.gov.zm\/wp-content\/uploads\/filebase\/guidelines\/tb_guidelines\/2021-NTLP-Annual-Report-FINAL-Version-15_09_2022_v5.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0287876.ref004","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2021","journal-title":"High TB burden country profiles"},{"issue":"10202","key":"pone.0287876.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32045-8","article-title":"Challenges and controversies in childhood tuberculosis","volume":"394","author":"A Reuter","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0287876.ref006","first-page":"4","article-title":"Childhood tuberculosis in Sub-saharan Africa","author":"S Kissou","year":"2018","journal-title":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS & NEONATAL CARE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287876.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-016-0023-9","article-title":"Tuberculosis exposure, infection and disease in children: a systematic diagnostic approach.","volume":"8","author":"CL Roya-Pabon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pneumonia."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287876.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09685-3","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practice towards tuberculosis in Gambia: a nation-wide cross-sectional survey","volume":"20","author":"AO Bashorun","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0287876.ref009","first-page":"4482131","article-title":"Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Pediatric Tuberculosis Management among Healthcare Workers in the Centre Region of Cameroon","volume":"2022","author":"TA Vukugah","year":"2022","journal-title":"A Cross-Sectional Study. 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