{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:02:07Z","timestamp":1787022127946,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hematologic malignancies have a great essential role in cancer global burden. Leukemia which two major subtypes based on the onset, is one of the common subtypes of this malignancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For the GBD 2019 study, cancer registry data and vital registration system were used to estimate leukemia mortality. The Meta-Regression-Bayesian Regularized Trimmed (MR-BRT), Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) and Spatiotemporal Gaussian Process Regression (ST-GPR) were used to model our data and estimate each quantity of interest. Mortality to incidence ratios (MIR) were used to generate incidence and survival from mortality rate. Prevalence and survival were used to generate years lived with disability (YLDs). Age-specific mortality and life expectancy at the same age were used to estimate years of life lost (YLLs). The sum of YLLs and YLDs generates DALYs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The total national incidence of leukemia increased from 6092 (UI 95%: 3803\u20138507) in 1990 to 6767 (4646\u20137890) new cases in 2019. However, leukemia age-standardized incidence ratio(ASIR) decreased from 11.6 (8\u201314.8) to 8.9 (6.2\u201310.3) new cases per 100,000 in this exact period. At the national level, deaths from leukemia increased 1.5-fold between 1990 and 2019, from 3287 (2284\u20134201) to 4424 (3137\u20135030), whereas the age-standardized death rate(ASDR) decreased from 8.3 (6.1\u20139.8) in 1990 to 6 (4.3\u20136.8) per 100,000 in 2019. In the study period, total leukemia DALYs decreased 12.2% and reached 162850 (110681\u2013188806), in 2019. The age-standardized DALYs decreased 36.7% from 324.3 (224.8\u2013413.4) in 1990 to 205.3 (140.3\u2013237.8) in 2019. ASDR, DALYs, YLLs, and YLDs rate to high BMI was increasing while smoking and occupational exposure to benzene and formaldehyde were decreasing in the study period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provided a better understanding of leukemia burden and to reduce controversies of leukemia across Iran. The leukemia status alteration of the country, is trackable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T14:10:12Z","timestamp":1701353412000},"page":"e0287917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["National and subnational burden of leukemia and its risk factors, 1990\u20132019: Results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Poopak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Saeedi Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Esfahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Keykhaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negar","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4241-1783","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nazila","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7460-6000","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad-Mahdi","family":"Rashidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naser","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Abbasi-Kangevari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad-Reza","family":"Malekpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyyed-Hadi","family":"Ghamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirin","family":"Djalalinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mohammad","family":"Tavangar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bagher","family":"Larijani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6090-4595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Farzad","family":"Kompani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0287917.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02751-3","article-title":"Health system performance in Iran: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","author":"F. Farzadfar","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287917.ref002","first-page":"7","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2016","volume":"66","author":"R. L. Siegel","year":"2016","journal-title":"(in eng), CA: a cancer journal for clinicians"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0287917.ref003","first-page":"3890","article-title":"Acute myeloid leukemia in the real world: why population-based registries are needed","volume":"119","author":"G. Juliusson","year":"2012","journal-title":"(in eng), Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0287917.ref004","first-page":"394","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"F. Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"(in eng), CA: a cancer journal for clinicians"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0287917.ref005","first-page":"2265","article-title":"The Journal of the American Society of Hematology","volume":"126","author":"J. R. Cerhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Familial predisposition and genetic risk factors for lymphoma"},{"issue":"830","key":"pone.0287917.ref006","first-page":"130","article-title":"Wakeford","volume":"70","author":"R. Doll","year":"1997","journal-title":"Risk of childhood cancer from fetal irradiation,"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0287917.ref007","first-page":"3760","article-title":"A review of risk factors for childhood leukemia","volume":"20","author":"M. W. Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"(in eng), European review for medical and pharmacological sciences,"},{"issue":"10258","key":"pone.0287917.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"C. J. Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"(in eng), Lancet (London, England),"},{"key":"pone.0287917.ref009","first-page":"i3","article-title":"Epidemiology of hematological malignancies","volume":"18","author":"D. Rodriguez-Abreu","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287917.ref010","first-page":"1","article-title":"Leukemia incidence trends at the global, regional, and national level between 1990 and 2017","volume":"9","author":"Y. Dong","year":"2020"},{"issue":"10258","key":"pone.0287917.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019,\" (in eng),","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England),"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0287917.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2010.04.007","article-title":"Correlations between sadness-induced cerebral activations and schizophrenia symptoms: an fMRI study of sex differences","volume":"26","author":"A. Mendrek","year":"2011","journal-title":"(in eng), European psychiatry: the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists"},{"key":"pone.0287917.ref013","article-title":"Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Seattle, 2020.,","author":"U. S. o. A. I. f. H. M. a. E. I","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) Cause List Mapped to ICD Codes"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0287917.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.2706","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"4","author":"C. Fitzmaurice","year":"2018","journal-title":"(in eng), JAMA oncology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0287917.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.5688","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"3","author":"C. Fitzmaurice","year":"2017","journal-title":"(in eng), JAMA oncology"},{"issue":"9063","key":"pone.0287917.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07495-8","article-title":"Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"349","author":"C. J. Murray","year":"1997","journal-title":"(in eng), Lancet (London, England),"},{"issue":"10159","key":"pone.0287917.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"\"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"(in eng), Lancet (London, England),"},{"issue":"10152","key":"pone.0287917.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31310-2","article-title":"Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"(in eng), Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"10159","key":"pone.0287917.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"(in eng), Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0287917.ref020","first-page":"2496","volume":"10","author":"S. Azadnajafabad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global, regional, and national burden and quality of care index (QCI) of thyroid cancer: A systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990\u20132017,\""},{"issue":"9963","key":"pone.0287917.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61682-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"385","year":"2015","journal-title":"(in eng), Lancet (London, England),"},{"key":"pone.0287917.ref022","first-page":"14","article-title":"Could Sex Differences in White Matter be Explained by g ratio?","volume":"3","author":"T. Paus","year":"2009","journal-title":"(in eng), Frontiers in neuroanatomy,"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287917.ref023","first-page":"1","article-title":"A global, regional, and national survey on burden and Quality of Care Index (QCI) of hematologic malignancies; global burden of disease systematic analysis 1990\u20132017","volume":"10","author":"M. Keykhaei","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287917.ref024","first-page":"53","article-title":"An update of current treatments for adult acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"127","author":"H. Dombret","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Society of Hematology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0287917.ref025","first-page":"1165","article-title":"The Journal of the American Society of Hematology","volume":"120","author":"C.-H. Pui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: where are we going and how do we get there?,\""},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0287917.ref026","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Targetable kinase-activating lesions in Ph-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"371","author":"K. G. Roberts","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0287917.ref027","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"H. Sung","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287917.ref028","first-page":"825","article-title":"Epidemiologic pattern of cancers in Iran; current knowledge and future perspective","volume":"20","author":"E. Mohammadi","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0287917.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000447076","article-title":"Leukemia","volume":"43","author":"G. Juliusson","year":"2016","journal-title":"(in eng), Progress in tumor research,"},{"issue":"28","key":"pone.0287917.ref030","first-page":"e16454","article-title":"Tobacco smoke exposure and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia: A meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"D. Chunxia","year":"2019","journal-title":"(in eng), Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287917.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5878-8","article-title":"Overweight and obesity as predictors of early mortality in Mexican children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a multicenter cohort study","volume":"19","author":"J. C. N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Enr\u00edquez","year":"2019","journal-title":"(in eng), BMC cancer"},{"issue":"54","key":"pone.0287917.ref032","first-page":"152","article-title":"Mechanisms by Which Obesity Impacts Survival from Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"2019","author":"E. Orgel","year":"2019","journal-title":"(in eng), Journal of the National Cancer InstituteMonographs"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0287917.ref033","first-page":"893","article-title":"Association of exposure to environmental chemicals with risk of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"50","author":"W. Jiang","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287917","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T14:10:38Z","timestamp":1701353438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287917"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Asghari Jafarabadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287917","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]}}}