{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T13:37:50Z","timestamp":1769348270864,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common infections in humans and animals, which is caused by an obligate intracellular opportunistic parasite known as <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>). Some data have shown that both Rhesus (Rh)-positive and Rh-negative individuals differ in response to biological factors, including <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> infection. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the scientific evidence regarding the possible association between the Rh blood group and <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> infection and to determine the seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> in the Rh blood group system.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The research was conducted on PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases until January 2023. Twenty-one cross-sectional studies were included with a total of 10910 people. The data were synthesized using a random effect model with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The overall prevalence of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> was calculated at 32.34% (CI 95%: 28.23\u201336.45%) and 33.35% (CI 95%: 19.73\u201346.96%) in Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood groups. In addition, the pooled OR for the relationship between the Rh blood group and the seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.72\u20131.28).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This meta-analysis showed a high prevalence of <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> infection in both Rh-negative and positive blood groups. This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that no significant association was found between toxoplasmosis and Rh factor. Because of the limited number of studies in this field, more research is recommended to determine the exact relationship between toxoplasmosis and the Rh factor.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T17:22:26Z","timestamp":1688577746000},"page":"e0287992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Toxoplasma infection and Rhesus blood group system: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Tooran","family":"Nayeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmood","family":"Moosazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdolhossein Dalimi","family":"Asl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ghaffarifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahabeddin","family":"Sarvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8571-5803","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Daryani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0287992.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v82i1.823","article-title":"Cats and Toxoplasma gondii: a systematic review and meta-analysis in Iran","volume":"82","author":"MT Rahimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0287992.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"AM Tenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0287992.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021000433","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in mollusks and cold-blooded animals: a systematic review","volume":"148","author":"T Nayeri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pone.0287992.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-9571(02)00058-9","article-title":"Pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis","volume":"26","author":"G. 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