{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T02:32:58Z","timestamp":1779244378070,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 AI109776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI109776"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI149046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI149046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI144521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI144521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI154026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI154026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We identified a fragment (Domain 3\u2014D3) of the immunodominant sporozoite surface glycoprotein of the zoonotic parasite <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> gp900, which is absent <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>hominis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>parvum anthroponosum<\/jats:italic>. The fragment is highly antigenic and is able to effectively differentiate between zoonotic <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>parvum<\/jats:italic> and species\/genotypes that infect preferentially humans. D3 detection provides a serological tool to determine whether the source of human cryptosporidiosis is of animal or human origin. We demonstrate this in experimentally challenged piglets, mice, rats, and alpaca. We speculate that the absence of this fragment from the <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>hominis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>parvum anthroponosum<\/jats:italic> gp900 protein may play a key role in their host restriction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T17:47:17Z","timestamp":1692294437000},"page":"e0287997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A highly antigenic fragment within the zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum Gp900 glycoprotein (Domain 3) is absent in human restricted Cryptosporidium species"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Denise Ann E.","family":"Dayao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justyna J.","family":"Jaskiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abhineet S.","family":"Sheoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Widmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4429-3856","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saul","family":"Tzipori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287997.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.1.149","article-title":"Cryptosporidium infection in infancy as a cause of malnutrition: a community study from Guinea-Bissau, west Africa","volume":"65","author":"K M\u00f8lbak","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6901","key":"pone.0287997.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6901.417","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in infancy and childhood mortality in Guinea Bissau, west Africa.","volume":"307","author":"K M\u00f8lbak","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl 4(Suppl 4):","key":"pone.0287997.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S232","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis753","article-title":"The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries: epidemiologic and clinical methods of the case\/control study.","volume":"55","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 4(Suppl 4","key":"pone.0287997.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S215","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis761","article-title":"The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS): impetus, rationale, and genesis.","volume":"55","author":"MM Levine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0287997.ref005","first-page":"14","article-title":"Etiology and outcomes of acute moderate and severe diarrheal infections in young children in developing countries: Insights from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS).","author":"M.M. Levine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Presented at: 6th Vaccines for Enteric Diseases Symposium"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0287997.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004729","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004729","article-title":"The burden of Cryptosporidium diarrheal disease among children < 24 months of age in moderate\/high mortality regions of sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, utilizing data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS).","volume":"10","author":"SO Sow","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0287997.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.710","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum in children with diarrhea in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda","volume":"68","author":"JK Tumwine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0287997.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir874","article-title":"Infection with Cryptosporidium hominis provides incomplete protection of the host against Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"205","author":"A Sheoran","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0287997.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2018.01.001","article-title":"Infection with anthroponotic Cryptosporidium parvum does not fully protect the host against a subsequent challenge with C. hominis","volume":"20","author":"AS Sheoran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0287997.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2008.02.009","article-title":"Antigenic differences within the Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum surface proteins P23 and GP900 defined by monoclonal antibody reactivity","volume":"159","author":"GD Sturbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0287997.ref011","first-page":"93","article-title":"A novel multi-domain mucin-like glycoprotein of Cryptosporidium parvum mediates invasion","volume":"96","author":"DA Barnes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0287997.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.03.027","article-title":"Comparative genome analysis of two Cryptosporidium parvum isolates with different host range","volume":"12","author":"G Widmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0287997.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5670","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.10.5670-5675.2002","article-title":"Genetic analysis of a Cryptosporidium parvum human genotype 1 isolate passaged through different host species","volume":"70","author":"DE Akiyoshi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0287997.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.851","article-title":"Cryptosporidium hominis: experimental challenge of healthy adults","volume":"75","author":"CL Chappell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0287997.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.01.003","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a new 34 kDa MORN motif-containing sporozoite surface-exposed protein, Cp-P34, unique to Cryptosporidium","volume":"51","author":"JJ Jaskiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0287997.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0012722","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00127-22","article-title":"Development of two mouse models for vaccine evaluation against Cryptosporidiosis","volume":"90","author":"DA Dayao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0287997.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1498436","article-title":"The piglet acute diarrhea model for evaluating efficacy of treatment and control of cryptosporidiosis.","volume":"15","author":"S Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287997.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.72-97.2004","article-title":"Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health.","volume":"17","author":"L Xiao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0287997.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.04.016","article-title":"Cryptosporidium viatorum n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) among travellers returning to Great Britain from the Indian subcontinent, 2007\u20132011","volume":"42","author":"K Elwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0287997.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2002.121797","article-title":"Subtyping Cryptosporidium ubiquitum,a zoonotic pathogen emerging in humans","volume":"20","author":"N Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pone.0287997.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.05.024","article-title":"Cryptosporidium ryanae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in cattle (Bos taurus).","volume":"156","author":"R Fayer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0287997.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[1415:CCNSFD]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cryptosporidium canis n. sp. from domestic dogs.","volume":"87","author":"R Fayer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0287997.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.4117-4134.2000","article-title":"Cloning and sequence analysis of a highly polymorphic Cryptosporidium parvum gene encoding a 60-kilodalton glycoprotein and characterization of its 15- and 45-kilodalton zoite surface antigen products","volume":"68","author":"WB Strong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0287997.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809990215","article-title":"Meta-analysis of a polymorphic surface glycoprotein of the parasitic protozoa Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis","volume":"137","author":"G. Widmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0287997.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5167","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.9.5167-5175.2000","article-title":"Mediation of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro by mucin-like glycoproteins defined by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody","volume":"68","author":"AM Cevallos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"pone.0287997.ref026","article-title":"Recent genetic exchanges and admixture shape the genome and population structure of the zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum","author":"GI Corsi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0287997.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0377-x","article-title":"Evolutionary genomics of anthroponosis in Cryptosporidium","volume":"4","author":"JL Nader","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0287997.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy121","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium hominis in a Bangladeshi community as revealed by whole-genome sequencing","volume":"218","author":"CA Gilchrist","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0287997.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2011.07.012","article-title":"Cryptosporidium tyzzeri n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in domestic mice (Mus musculus).","volume":"130","author":"X Ren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"7012","key":"pone.0287997.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02977","article-title":"The genome of Cryptosporidium hominis","volume":"431","author":"P Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0287997.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2019.10.002","article-title":"An immunocompetent rat model of infection with Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"50","author":"DA Dayao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287997","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T17:47:44Z","timestamp":1692294464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287997"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Saeed","family":"El-Ashram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287997","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]}}}