{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T23:17:36Z","timestamp":1781306256443,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish Norwegian Foundation for Equine Research","award":["H-17-47-250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H-17-47-250"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of vertical asymmetries is high in \u201cowner-sound\u201d warmblood riding horses, however the origin of these asymmetries is unknown. This study investigated correlations between vertical asymmetries and motor laterality. Young warmblood riding horses (N = 65), perceived as free from lameness were evaluated on three visits, each comprising objective gait analysis (inertial measurement units system) and a rider questionnaire on perceived sidedness of the horse. A subgroup (N = 40) of horses were also subjected to a forelimb protraction preference test intended as an assessment of motor laterality. We hypothesized associations between vertical asymmetry and motor laterality as well as rider-perceived sidedness. Vertical asymmetry was quantified as trial means of the stride-by-stride difference between the vertical displacement minima and maxima of the head (HDmin, HDmax) and pelvis (PDmin, PDmax). Laterality indexes, based on counts of which limb was protracted, and binomial tests were used to draw conclusions from the preference tests. In the three visits, 60\u201370% of horses exhibited vertical asymmetries exceeding clinically used thresholds for \u22651 parameter, and 22% of horses exhibited a side preference in the preference test as judged by binomial tests. Linear mixed models identified a weak but statistically significant correlation between perceived hindlimb weakness and higher PDmin values attributable to either of the hindlimbs (p = 0.023). No other statistically significant correlations to vertical asymmetry were seen for any of the questionnaire answers tested. Tests of correlation between the absolute values of laterality index and asymmetry parameters (HDmin, HDmax, PDmin, PDmax) identified a weak correlation (p = 0.049) with PDmax, but when accounting for the direction of asymmetry and motor laterality, no correlations were seen for either of the asymmetry parameters. No convincing evidence of associations between vertical asymmetries and motor laterality were seen and further studies investigating motor laterality and the origin of vertical asymmetries are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T17:38:41Z","timestamp":1688751521000},"page":"e0288043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Perceived sidedness and correlation to vertical movement asymmetries in young warmblood horses"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7108-9781","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna","family":"Leclercq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4985-6128","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Johan","family":"Lundblad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Persson-Sjodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7336-3852","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katrina","family":"Ask","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1305-8773","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ebba","family":"Zetterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elin","family":"Hernlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Haubro Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Rhodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0288043.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12385","article-title":"Rater agreement of visual lameness assessment in horses during lungeing","volume":"48","author":"M Hammarberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X479568","article-title":"Repeatability of subjective evaluation of lameness in horses","volume":"42","author":"KG Keegan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.159.11.346","article-title":"Evidence of bias affecting the interpretation of the results of local anaesthetic nerve blocks when assessing lameness in horses","volume":"159","author":"M Arkell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.01.006","article-title":"On the brink of daily clinical application of objective gait analysis: What evidence do we have so far from studies using an induced lameness model?","volume":"234","author":"FM Serra Bragan\u00e7a","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.9.1156","article-title":"Assessment of repeatability of a wireless, inertial sensor-based lameness evaluation system for horses","volume":"72","author":"KG Keegan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13302","article-title":"Objectively measured movement asymmetry in yearling Standardbred trotters","volume":"53","author":"AS Kallerud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref007","first-page":"95","article-title":"Riding Soundness\u2014Comparison of Subjective With Objective Lameness Assessments of Owner-Sound Horses at Trot on a Treadmill.","author":"J M\u00fcller-Quirin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12467","article-title":"Movement asymmetry in working polo horses","volume":"48","author":"T Pfau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176253","article-title":"Head and pelvic movement asymmetries at trot in riding horses in training and perceived as free from lameness by the owner.","volume":"12","author":"M Rhodin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.03.005","article-title":"Naturally-occurring forelimb lameness in the horse results in significant compensatory load redistribution during trotting.","volume":"204","author":"S Maliye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1080\/1357650X.2017.1291658","article-title":"Evolutionary and mechanistic drivers of laterality: A review and new synthesis.","volume":"22","author":"ML Wiper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laterality"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2004.11.012","article-title":"Motor and sensory laterality in thoroughbred horses","volume":"92","author":"PD McGreevy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2004.11.001","article-title":"Idiosyncratic motor laterality in the horse","volume":"91","author":"J Murphy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2746\/042516406X159070","article-title":"Uneven feet in a foal may develop as a consequence of lateral grazing behaviour induced by conformational traits","volume":"38","author":"MCV Van Heel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00064.x","article-title":"Lateralised motor behaviour leads to increased unevenness in front feet and asymmetry in athletic performance in young mature Warmblood horses","volume":"42","author":"MCV Van Heel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.10.033","article-title":"Limb preferences and lateralization of aggression, reactivity and vigilance in feral horses, Equus caballus","volume":"83","author":"NP Austin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref017","first-page":"552","article-title":"Functional Asymmetry in the Motor System of the Horse","volume":"76","author":"HS Meij","year":"1980","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref018","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.30","article-title":"Forming Inferences about Some Intraclass Correlation Coefficients.","volume":"1","author":"K McGraw","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref020","author":"W. Revelle","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref022","author":"J Fox","year":"2019","edition":"3"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref023","article-title":"emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means, ver 1.8.1\u20131.","author":"R. Lenth","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0288043.ref024","first-page":"9","article-title":"A comparison of different established and novel methods to determine horses\u2019 laterality and their relation to rein tension.","author":"S Kuhnke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0288043","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T17:39:11Z","timestamp":1688751551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0288043"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Patterson Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0288043","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]}}}