{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T14:37:26Z","timestamp":1775918246174,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) report a higher prevalence of drug use in comparison to the general male population. However, in Ireland, there is a paucity of literature regarding the prevalence of drug use and its determinants among gbMSM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Aims\/Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To quantify the prevalence of (i) recreational drug use (RDU) and (ii) sexualised drug use (SDU) among gbMSM in Ireland, and to identify the factors associated with these drug use practices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The European MSM Internet Survey (EMIS) 2017 was an online, anonymous, internationally-promoted questionnaire. Two binary outcomes were included in our analyses: (1) RDU and (2) SDU in the previous year. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression explored factors associated with these outcomes, and all independent covariates were adjusted for one another.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among gbMSM without HIV (n = 1,898), 40.9% and 13.1% engaged in RDU and SDU in the previous year, respectively. Among diagnosed-positive gbMSM (n = 141), the past-year respective prevalence estimates were 51.8% and 26.2%. Increased odds of RDU were observed among gbMSM who were younger (vs. 40+ years) (18\u201324 years; AOR 2.96, 95% CI 2.05\u20134.28, 25\u201339 years; AOR 1.66, 95% CI 1.27\u20132.16), lived in Dublin (vs. elsewhere) (AOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.17\u20131.83), and engaged in condomless anal intercourse (CAI) in the previous year (vs. none) (1\u20132 partners; AOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.34\u20132.38, 6+ partners; AOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.18\u20132.71). Greater odds of SDU were identified among those who lived in Dublin (vs. elsewhere) (AOR 1.50, 95% CI 1.07\u20132.10), and engaged in CAI (vs. none) (1\u20132 partners; AOR 3.16, 95% CI 2.05\u20134.88, 3\u20135 partners; AOR 2.50, 95% CI 1.47\u20134.26, and 6+ partners; AOR 3.79, 95% CI 2.23\u20136.43).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec005\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>GbMSM report a high prevalence of drug use in Ireland. Targeted interventions, including harm reduction campaigns, may be needed to support healthier drug use choices among this community.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T17:34:25Z","timestamp":1690565665000},"page":"e0288171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Recreational and sexualised drug use among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) in Ireland\u2013Findings from the European MSM internet survey (EMIS) 2017"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8120-8273","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fionn P.","family":"Daly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"O\u2019Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin P.","family":"Davoren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Noone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Weatherburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mick","family":"Quinlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bill","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derval","family":"Igoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0288171.ref001","article-title":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2022","journal-title":"GLOBAL OVERVIEW: DRUG DEMAND DRUG SUPPLY."},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref002","first-page":"450348","article-title":"The destructive capacity of drug abuse: an overview exploring the harmful potential of drug abuse both to the individual and to society.","volume":"2013","author":"TP Fox","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Addict"},{"issue":"Suppl 2(Suppl 2)","key":"pone.0288171.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii44","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2006.012583","article-title":"Manner of death and circumstances in fatal poisonings: evidence from New Jersey","volume":"12","author":"K. Hempstead","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inj Prev."},{"issue":"9566","key":"pone.0288171.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60464-4","article-title":"Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse","volume":"369","author":"D Nutt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0288171.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0177922","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177922","article-title":"Illicit drug use and its association with key sexual risk behaviours and outcomes: Findings from Britain\u2019s third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3).","volume":"12","author":"R Paquette","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref006","author":"National Advisory Committee on Drugs and Alcohol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prevalence of Drug Use and Gambling in Ireland and Drug Use in Northern Ireland"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref007","volume-title":"The 2019\u201320 Irish National Drug and Alcohol Survey: Main findings","author":"D Mongan","year":"2021"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0288171.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.174169","article-title":"A population-based study of sexual orientation identity and gender differences in adult health.","volume":"100","author":"KJ Conron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0288171.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2009.07.002","article-title":"Methamphetamine use among gay men across the UK.","volume":"21","author":"CP Bonell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.11.005","article-title":"Sexual identity and prevalence of alcohol and other drug use among Australians in the general population","volume":"28","author":"A Roxburgh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref011","first-page":"1471","author":"CH Mercer","year":"2016","journal-title":"The health and well-being of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Britain: Evidence from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3)."},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref012","volume-title":"Initial Findings","author":"Public Health England","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2018.100146","article-title":"Stress and substance use among sexual and gender minority individuals across the lifespan.","volume":"10","author":"MC Parent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0288171.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674","article-title":"Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence.","volume":"129","author":"IH Meyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0288171.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013669705086","article-title":"Substance Use and Abuse in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Populations","volume":"22","author":"TL Hughes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Primary Prevention"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0288171.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0275618","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275618","article-title":"Health characteristics associated with chemsex among men who have sex with men: Results from a cross-sectional clinic survey in Norway.","volume":"17","author":"E Amundsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0288171.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624211041456","article-title":"Sexualized drug use and specialist service experience among MSM attending urban and rural sexual health clinics in England and Scotland.","volume":"32","author":"R Kennedy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref018","author":"A Bourne","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Chemsex study: drug use in sexual settings among gay and bisexual men in Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0288171.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462416651229","article-title":"Chemsex and the city: sexualised substance use in gay bisexual and other men who have sex with men attending sexual health clinics","volume":"28","author":"A Hegazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.02.002","article-title":"Sexualised drug use in the United Kingdom (UK): A review of the literature.","volume":"55","author":"C Edmundson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0288171.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1071\/SH17159","article-title":"Low levels of chemsex among men who have sex with men, but high levels of risk among men who engage in chemsex: analysis of a cross-sectional online survey across four countries.","volume":"15","author":"J Frankis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0288171.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054345","article-title":"Characteristics and sexual health service use of MSM engaging in chemsex: results from a large online survey in England.","volume":"96","author":"PB Blomquist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542301","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.542301","article-title":"Chemsex and Mental Health of Men Who Have Sex With Men in Germany.","volume":"11","author":"A Bohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0288171.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12821","article-title":"Chemsex drugs on the rise: a longitudinal analysis of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study from 2007 to 2017.","volume":"21","author":"B Hampel","year":"2020","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0288171.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.07.013","article-title":"\"Chemsex\" and harm reduction need among gay men in South London.","volume":"26","author":"A Bourne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0288171.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2020.1793368","article-title":"Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Regular GHB-Users with and without GHB-Induced Comas.","volume":"55","author":"F Raposo Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0288171.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011961","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011961","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between substance use and sexual behaviour in young people in Britain: findings from a national probability survey","volume":"6","author":"SN Khadr","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0288171.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052695","article-title":"Motivations and values associated with combining sex and illicit drugs (\u2019chemsex\u2019) among gay men in South London: findings from a qualitative study.","volume":"93","author":"P Weatherburn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0288171.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0167730","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167730","article-title":"Prevalence of condomless anal intercourse and recent HIV testing and their associated factors among men who have sex with men in Hangzhou, China: A respondent-driven sampling survey.","volume":"12","author":"R Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.11.011","article-title":"Drug use among men who have sex with men in Ireland: Prevalence and associated factors from a national online survey.","volume":"64","author":"P Barrett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.10.008","article-title":"Chemsex, risk behaviours and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men in Dublin, Ireland.","volume":"52","author":"RW Glynn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref032","volume-title":"Findings from 38 countries.","author":"The EMIS Network","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0288171.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-019-00413-0","article-title":"European Men-Who-Have-Sex-With-Men Internet Survey (EMIS-2017): Design and Methods.","volume":"17","author":"P Weatherburn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sexuality Research and Social Policy."},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref034","volume-title":"Key findings from 50 countries.","author":"P Weatherburn","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref035","author":"Health Protection Surveillance Centre","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMIS-2017 Ireland: Findings from the European Men who have sex with men Internet Survey (Ireland)."},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref036","volume-title":"FINDINGS FROM THE ALL-IRELAND GAY MEN\u2019S SEX SURVEYS, 2005 AND 2006.","author":"D McCartney","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref037","author":"K O\u2019Donnell","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0288171.ref038","first-page":"119","article-title":"Detecting causal nonlinear exposure-response relations in epidemiological data.","volume":"4","author":"LA Cox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dose Response."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0288171.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(14)70001-3","article-title":"Recreational drug use, polydrug use, and sexual behaviour in HIV-diagnosed men who have sex with men in the UK: results from the cross-sectional ASTRA study","volume":"1","author":"M Daskalopoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0288171.ref040","first-page":"613","article-title":"An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4.","volume":"50","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0288171.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"pone.0288171.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.026","article-title":"The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population","volume":"114","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0288171.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2017.42.2.152","article-title":"Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Chi-squared test and Fisher\u2019s exact test.","volume":"42","author":"HY Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Restor Dent Endod."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0288171.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002864","article-title":"Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation.","volume":"126","author":"P Schober","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesia & Analgesia."},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530","article-title":"Missing data analysis: making it work in the real world.","volume":"60","author":"JW Graham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"pone.0288171.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.016","article-title":"Patterns and levels of illicit drug use among men who have sex with men in Asia.","volume":"120","author":"C Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref047","article-title":"Hepatitis A and B vaccination in gbMSM in Ireland: findings from the European MSM Internet Survey 2017 (EMIS-2017).","author":"P White","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect."},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref048","author":"Healthy Ireland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Healthy Ireland Survey 2015: Summary of Findings, Dublin."},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref049","volume-title":"Early infectious syphilis in Ireland, 2018.","author":"HSE Health Protection Surveillance Centre","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref050","volume-title":"Gonorrhoea in Ireland, 2018.","author":"HSE Health Protection Surveillance Centre","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0288171.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054629","article-title":"Chemsex and diagnoses of syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia among men who have sex with men in the UK: a multivariable prediction model using causal inference methodology.","volume":"97","author":"L MacGregor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0288171.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0216732","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216732","article-title":"Chemsex among men who have sex with men living outside major cities and associations with sexually transmitted infections: A cross-sectional study in the Netherlands.","volume":"14","author":"YJ Evers","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref053","author":"Department of Health","year":"2023","journal-title":"Minister Hildegarde Naughton welcomes publication of the Review of the National Sexual Health Strategy"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref054","volume-title":"HIV in Ireland, 2018.","author":"HSE Health Protection Surveillance Centre","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0288171.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0264636","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264636","article-title":"Biopsychosocial approach to understanding determinants of depression among men who have sex with men living with HIV: A systematic review.","volume":"17","author":"ZA Mohamad Fisal","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.01.015","article-title":"A longitudinal analysis of cannabis use and mental health symptoms among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Canada","volume":"247","author":"FY Chou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"pone.0288171.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i100","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jti029","article-title":"Sustained reductions in drug use and depression symptoms from treatment for drug abuse in methamphetamine-dependent gay and bisexual men.","volume":"82","author":"JA Peck","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Urban Health."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0288171.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-020-01755-2","article-title":"LGBQ+ Self-Acceptance and Its Relationship with Minority Stressors and Mental Health: A Systematic Literature Review.","volume":"49","author":"J Camp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0288171.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014284","article-title":"Disclosure of sexual orientation and subsequent substance use and abuse among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: critical role of disclosure reactions.","volume":"23","author":"M Rosario","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref060","volume-title":"Pleasure consuming medicine: The queer politics of drugs","author":"K. Race","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.11.014","article-title":"Chemsex behaviours among men who have sex with men: A systematic review of the literature.","volume":"63","author":"S Maxwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.03.021","article-title":"Changes in chemsex and sexual behaviour over time, among a cohort of MSM in London and Brighton: Findings from the AURAH2 study.","volume":"68","author":"J Sewell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0288171.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.2.294","article-title":"The differential effects of face-to-face and computer interview modes","volume":"92","author":"JC Newman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0288171.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.14.6.367.24075","article-title":"Risk behaviors by audio computer-assisted self-interviews among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative injection drug users","volume":"14","author":"GE Macalino","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0288171.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-016-0709-3","article-title":"Characteristics of Men Who Have Sex With Men Who Use Smartphone Geosocial Networking Applications and Implications for HIV Interventions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","volume":"46","author":"H Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0288171.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.01.020","article-title":"Sexual behaviors and risk for sexually transmitted infections among teenage men who have sex with men.","volume":"55","author":"H Zou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0288171.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/bjaed\/mkv034","article-title":"Statistical analysis: sample size and power estimations.","volume":"16","author":"MO Columb","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJA Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0288171.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052389","article-title":"Men who have sex with men in Great Britain: comparing methods and estimates from probability and convenience sample surveys.","volume":"92","author":"P Prah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0288171.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.d.18.00242","article-title":"What is the proper way to apply the multiple comparison test?","volume":"71","author":"S Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0288171.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2331","article-title":"Dichotomizing continuous predictors in multiple regression: a bad idea.","volume":"25","author":"P Royston","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0288171.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-9963-5","article-title":"Are peer interventions for HIV efficacious? A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"JM Simoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"pone.0288171.ref072","author":"Health Research Board","year":"2022","journal-title":"HRB National Drugs Library\u2013Brief Intervention"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"pone.0288171.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S466","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.224352","article-title":"Brief intervention in substance use disorders.","volume":"60","author":"SK Mattoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0288171","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T07:50:58Z","timestamp":1729842658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0288171"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Demant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0288171","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]}}}