{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:19:16Z","timestamp":1747196356401,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has redefined global health and response to Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). The outbreak of a cluster of influenza-like illnesses in Wuhan, China, has morphed into a pandemic in the last quarter of 2019, stretching from South East Asia to Europe, The Americas, Africa, and the Australian subcontinent. We evaluated the prevalence of depression among outpatients diagnosed with ARI.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We utilized a cross-sectional, observational design and investigated the prevalence of symptoms of depression among outpatients with ARI and described the characteristics of outpatients with ARI in Kaduna State.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The prevalence of symptoms of depression was 19.6% for respondents with symptoms of ARI and 14.4% for those without symptoms of ARI. On no risk of depression, we had a higher proportion of the respondents without symptoms of ARI (86%) than those with symptoms of depression (80%) (M = 318.4, SD = 29.62 case, and M = 344.0, SD = 14.2 control, r = 0.88, CI = 13.5 to 6.5, P = 0.000952). Likewise, in the category with mild risk of depression, respondents without symptoms of ARI were fewer (10%) than those with symptoms of depression (15%) (M = 58.4, SD = 26.0 case, and M = 42.1, SD = 12.7 control, r = 0.86, CI = 11.8 to 5.8, P = 0.0136. There was no significant difference between respondents with symptoms of ARI and without symptoms of ARI in the categories of moderate (M = 13.6, SD = 5.1 case, and M = 11.6, SD = 4.6 control, r = 0.87, CI = 2.3 to 2.1, P = 0.178) and high (M = 5.6, SD = 2.5 case, and M = 4.4, SD = 3.2 control, r = 0.61, CI = 1.2 to 1.5, P = 0.174) risk of depression.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Symptoms of depression were commoner among respondents who presented with symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) at the Outpatient Department (OPD). However, further explanatory research is needed to establish causality.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T18:00:12Z","timestamp":1715882412000},"page":"e0288567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Symptoms of depression among outpatients with suspected COVID-19 in metropolitan Local Government Areas of Kaduna State, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4471-7834","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gregory C.","family":"Umeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Cleenwerck de Kiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jabani","family":"Mamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aliyu","family":"Atiku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suleiman","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dauda S.","family":"Hananiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Onoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Habibu B.","family":"Yahaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Basirat","family":"Adeoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rabiat T.","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mutiu","family":"Adegbite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2729-9802","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sunday","family":"Audu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Daikwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neyu","family":"Iliyasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amina Mohammed","family":"Baloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"journal-title":"COVID-19 to Plunge Global Economy into Worst Recession since World War II","year":"2020","author":"World Bank.","key":"pone.0288567.ref001"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0288567.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6130","article-title":"Association of Public Health Interventions with the Epidemiology of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China.","volume":"323","author":"A Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA\u2014J Am Med Assoc."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0288567.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X20922987","article-title":"Analyzing the Cost-Effectiveness of Policy Responses for COVID-19: The Importance of Capturing Social Consequences.","volume":"40","author":"DD Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Decis Mak"},{"key":"pone.0288567.ref004","article-title":"School Closure During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic An Effective Intervention at the Global Level?","author":"S Esposito","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0288567.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00544-2020","article-title":"Nosocomial outbreak of COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"55","author":"X Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"January","key":"pone.0288567.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m408","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m408","article-title":"China coronavirus: WHO declares international emergency as death toll exceeds 200","volume":"368","author":"E. 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