{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T22:06:19Z","timestamp":1783289179066,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies in Ghana have reported discrepancies between trends in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR). Yet, there is limited empirical literature on stakeholders\u2019 perceptions on the trends in CPR and TFR in Ghana. We, therefore, examined the perceptions of key stakeholders about the documented trends in CPR and TFR in Ghana.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We adopted an exploratory (qualitative) research design with a qualitative approach of data collection from stakeholders in Ghana, focusing on the trends of the TFR and CPR. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies (COREQ) checklist provided additional guidance for reporting the study results. We employed the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a theoretical framework\/construct to explain and predict individual changes in health behaviors resulting in trends in CPR and TFR from stakeholders\u2019 perspectives and analyzed the data using framework analysis approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two main themes emerged from the data: contraceptive prevalence and total fertility ratio, with five sub-themes identified: barriers to contraception, motivations for contraception uptake, unmet need for family planning, induced abortion, and effectiveness of planning programs. Specifically, participants indicated that there is a discrepancy between the trends of CPR and TFR based on the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, conducted between 1988 and 2014. The high unmet needs for contraceptives were attributed to CRP trends, whilst abstinence, infertility, and high demands for induced abortions were identified to impact the TFR trends significantly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings show that an extensive quantitative enquiry into the exact relationships between Ghana\u2019s CPR and TFR as well as the contributions of abstinence, infertility, and induced abortion are worth considering.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T17:22:02Z","timestamp":1690219322000},"page":"e0288924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Stakeholders\u2019 perceptions of the trends in contraceptive prevalence rate and total fertility rate in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8441-6633","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fred Yao","family":"Gbagbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward Kwabena","family":"Ameyaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"No. 03","key":"pone.0288924.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1571435","article-title":"Beyond the condom: frontiers in male contraception","volume":"Vol. 34","author":"MY Roth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Seminars in reproductive medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0288924.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2307\/1967015","article-title":"Contraceptive prevalence: the influence of organized family planning programs","volume":"16","author":"R. 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