{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:29:02Z","timestamp":1792506542277,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["114612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["129242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["129242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious, acute respiratory disease in chickens, with a severe economic impact on poultry production globally. The rapid emergence of regional variants of this\n                    <jats:italic>Gammacoronavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    warrants new vaccine approaches that are more humane and rapid to produce than the current embryonated chicken egg-based method used for IB variant vaccine propagation (chemically-inactivated whole viruses). The production of virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing the Spike (S) glycoprotein, the major antigen which induces neutralizing antibodies, has not been achieved\n                    <jats:italic>in planta<\/jats:italic>\n                    up until now. In this study, using the\n                    <jats:italic>Agrobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    -mediated\n                    <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    (tobacco plant) transient expression system, the highest levels of VLPs displaying a modified S protein of a QX-like IB variant were obtained when the native transmembrane (TM) domain and cytoplasmic tail were substituted with that of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) fusion glycoprotein, co-infiltrated with the NDV Matrix protein. In comparison, the native IB modified S co-infiltrated with IB virus membrane, envelope and nucleocapsid proteins, or substituted with the TM and CT of an H6-subtype influenza A virus hemagglutinin glycoprotein yielded lower VLP expression levels. Strong immunogenicity was confirmed in specific pathogen free chickens immunized intramuscularly with VLPs adjuvanted with Emulsigen\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    -P, where birds that received doses of 5 \u03bcg or 20 \u03bcg (S protein content) seroconverted after two weeks with mean hemaggluttination inhibition titres of 9.1 and 10 log\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , respectively. Plant-produced IB VLP variant vaccines are safer, more rapid and cost effective to produce than VLPs produced in insect cell expression systems or the traditional egg-produced inactivated whole virus oil emulsion vaccines currently in use, with great potential for improved IB disease control in future.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T13:38:08Z","timestamp":1689860288000},"page":"e0288970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Optimization of infectious bronchitis virus-like particle expression in Nicotiana benthamiana as potential poultry vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4266-090X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kamogelo M.","family":"Sepotokele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha M.","family":"O\u2019Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel B. R.","family":"Wandrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Abolnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0288970.ref001","unstructured":"World Bank & TAFS-Forum. (2011). World livestock disease atlas: A quantitative analysis of global animal health data (H. S. N. The World Bank, Washington, DC 20433, USA Ed.). (available online\u2014accessed July 2022)."},{"key":"pone.0288970.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.09.024","article-title":"Assembly and immunogenicity of coronavirus-like particles carrying infectious bronchitis virus M and S proteins","volume":"31","author":"G. 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