{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T06:13:53Z","timestamp":1750227233106,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013788","name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Fribourg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013788","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dietary fat can alter host metabolism and gut microbial composition. Crocodile oil (CO) was extracted from the fatty tissues of <jats:italic>Crocodylus siamensis<\/jats:italic>. CO, rich in monounsaturated- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, has been reported to reduce inflammation, counter toxification, and improve energy metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CO on gut microbiota (GM) in laboratory mice as well as the accompanying metabolic changes in the animals. Forty-five C57BL\/6 male mice were randomly divided into five groups and orally administrated either sterile water (control [C]); 1 or 3% (v\/w) CO (CO-low [CO-L] and CO-high [CO-H], respectively); or 1 or 3% (v\/w) palm oil (PO-low and PO-high, respectively) for 11 weeks. Body weight gain, food intake, energy intake, blood glucose levels, and blood lipid profiles were determined. Samples from colon tissue were collected and the 16S rRNA genes were pyrosequenced to clarify GM analyses. The results showed that there were no differences in body weight and blood glucose levels. Food intake by the mice in the CO-L and CO-H groups was statistically significantly less when compared to that by the animals in the C group. However, neither CO treatment had a statistically significant effect on calorie intake when compared to the controls. The CO-H exhibited a significant increase in serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein but showed a downward trend in triglyceride levels compared to the control. The GM analyses revealed that both CO treatments have no significant influence on bacterial diversity and relative abundance at the phylum level, whereas increases of Choa1 and abundance-based coverage estimator indexes, distinct \u03b2-diversity, and Proteobacteria abundance were observed in the PO-high group compared with the C group. Furthermore, the abundance of <jats:italic>Azospirillum thiophilum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Romboutsia ilealis<\/jats:italic> was significantly higher in the CO-L and CO-H groups which could be associated with energy metabolic activity. Thus, CO may be an alternative fat source for preserving host metabolism and gut flora.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T17:30:43Z","timestamp":1690565443000},"page":"e0289073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of the oil from the fatty tissues of Crocodylus siamensis on gut microbiome diversity and metabolism in mice"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kongphop","family":"Parunyakul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aphisara","family":"Chuchoiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sasiporn","family":"Kooltueon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phiyaporn","family":"Puttagamnerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krittika","family":"Srisuksai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9905-3019","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pitchaya","family":"Santativongchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Urai","family":"Pongchairerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phitsanu","family":"Tulayakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teerasak","family":"E-kobon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6689-2804","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wirasak","family":"Fungfuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0289073.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2009","article-title":"Gut microbiota in health and disease","volume":"90","author":"I Sekirov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"7346","key":"pone.0289073.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","article-title":"Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome","volume":"473","author":"M Arumugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0289073.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.10.003","article-title":"Gut microbiome and type 2 diabetes: where we are and where to go?","volume":"63","author":"S Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0289073.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R167","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0874","article-title":"Mechanisms in endocrinology: Gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"172","author":"KH Allin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0289073.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.03.024","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota in Cardiovascular Health and Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"73","author":"WHW Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"31","key":"pone.0289073.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504978102","article-title":"Obesity alters gut microbial ecology","volume":"102","author":"RE Ley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0289073.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2019.03.011","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in obesity, diabetes mellitus, and effect of metformin: new insights into old diseases","volume":"49","author":"A Pascale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0289073.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136728","article-title":"Dietary Habits and Gut Microbiota in Healthy Adults: Focusing on the Right Diet. 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