{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T02:19:01Z","timestamp":1774664341527,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003485","name":"Heiwa Nakajima Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003485","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), also known as disorders of gut-brain interaction, occur not only in the elderly but also in young adults. This study aimed to evaluate the association between mental health conditions and FGIDs among Vietnamese new-entry medical students.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2022 among new-entry medical students in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. A printed questionnaire was distributed to all students on the day of freshmen health screening. Their urine samples were collected to screen for <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> infection using rapid urinary test. FGIDs were diagnosed using ROME IV criteria. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was defined as the presence of typical reflux symptoms at least twice a week. Mental health conditions, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), were identified using Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scales, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among 400 new-entry medical students who participated in the study, the overall prevalence of FGIDs was 10.3% (functional dyspepsia 6.5%, irritable bowel disease 5.5%). The overlap syndrome (OS) of GERD-FGIDs or different FGIDs was present in 3.0% of participants. The prevalences of GAD and MDD were 6.8% and 10.2%, respectively. The urinary test was positive in 180 (45.0%) participants. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, MDD was significantly associated with not only the risk of FGIDs (OR = 5.599, 95%CI: 2.173\u201314.430, p&lt;0.001) but also the risk of OS (OR = 10.076, 95CI%: 2.243\u201345.266, p = 0.003).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>MDD is associated with FGIDs and OS among new-entry medical students.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T17:37:54Z","timestamp":1690306674000},"page":"e0289123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Association of mental health conditions and functional gastrointestinal disorders among Vietnamese new-entry medical students"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Tam Thao Tuyet","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8129-1764","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mai Ngoc","family":"Luu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linh Le","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0141-921X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Duc Trong","family":"Quach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5843-232X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Toru","family":"Hiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10263","key":"pone.0289123.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32115-2","article-title":"Functional gastrointestinal disorders: advances in understanding and management","volume":"396","author":"CJ Black","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0289123.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2011.17.3.235","article-title":"Epidemiology of uninvestigated and functional dyspepsia in Asia: facts and fiction.","volume":"17","author":"UC Ghoshal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0289123.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2018.19.12.3565","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori Infection and Related Gastrointestinal Diseases in Southeast Asian Countries: An Expert Opinion Survey.","volume":"19","author":"DT Quach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0289123.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm18064","article-title":"Cultural Factors Influencing Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in the East.","volume":"24","author":"KH Chuah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0289123.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81825-0","article-title":"Prevalence and trigger factors of functional gastrointestinal disorders among male civil pilots in China.","volume":"11","author":"C Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0289123.ref006","article-title":"Biopsychosocial Aspects of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders.","author":"L Van Oudenhove","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0289123.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5087","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i17.5087","article-title":"Value of a new stick-type rapid urine test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Vietnamese population","volume":"20","author":"DT Quach","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"pone.0289123.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108446","article-title":"Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): A depression screening tool for people with epilepsy in Vietnam.","volume":"125","author":"T Le Hoang Ngoc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0289123.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03493-8","article-title":"Validation of screening tools for common mental health disorders in the methadone maintenance population in Hanoi, Vietnam.","volume":"21","author":"AY Mughal","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0289123.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.014","article-title":"Development and Validation of the Rome IV Diagnostic Questionnaire for Adults.","volume":"150","author":"OS Palsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0289123.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327737","article-title":"British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia","volume":"71","author":"CJ Black","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0289123.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.154","article-title":"ACG and CAG Clinical Guideline: Management of Dyspepsia","volume":"112","author":"P Moayyedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0289123.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000854","article-title":"World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines: GERD Global Perspective on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.","volume":"51","author":"R Hunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0289123.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqt161","article-title":"The GAD-7 questionnaire","volume":"64","author":"N. Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Occupational Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0289123.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E191","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.110829","article-title":"Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): a meta-analysis.","volume":"184","author":"L Manea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cmaj"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0289123.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-020-01106-y","article-title":"Prevalence, overlap, and risk factors for Rome IV functional gastrointestinal disorders among college students in northern India","volume":"40","author":"O Goyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0289123.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082029","DOI":"10.1080\/19932820.2022.2082029","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of functional gastrointestinal disorders in early period medical students: a pilot study in Tunisia.","volume":"17","author":"S Gallas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Libyan J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0289123.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-2803.202202000-53","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis in schoolchildren and adolescents with functional gastrointestinal disorders according to Rome IV criteria.","volume":"59","author":"CA Velasco-Ben\u00edtez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arq Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0289123.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i17.2708","article-title":"Functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome, are they different entities and does it matter?","volume":"12","author":"KA Gwee","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0289123.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303857","article-title":"Impaired duodenal mucosal integrity and low-grade inflammation in functional dyspepsia","volume":"63","author":"H Vanheel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0289123.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05783.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and health care seeking in the functional GI disorders: a population-based study","volume":"97","author":"NA Koloski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0289123.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12262","article-title":"Overlap of gastroesophageal reflux disease and functional bowel disorders in the general Chinese rural population.","volume":"16","author":"ST Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0289123.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03366.x","article-title":"Overlap of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome: prevalence and risk factors in the general population","volume":"26","author":"HK Jung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0289123.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14349","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14349","article-title":"Overlap of heartburn, functional dyspepsia, and irritable bowel syndrome in a population sample: Prevalence, temporal stability, and associated comorbidities.","volume":"34","author":"MP Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0289123.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02118-y","article-title":"Overlap between irritable bowel syndrome and common gastrointestinal diagnoses: a retrospective cohort study of 29,553 outpatients in Germany.","volume":"22","author":"SH Loosen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0289123.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12381","article-title":"Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents.","volume":"56","author":"GV Polanczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"pone.0289123.ref027","first-page":"371","article-title":"Adolescents in transition to young adulthood: evolution of mental health status and risk factors associated with depressive and anxiety disorder","volume":"31","author":"B Lepi\u00e8ce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0289123.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000362","article-title":"WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders.","volume":"127","author":"RP Auerbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0289123.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617","article-title":"Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.","volume":"62","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0289123.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706008993","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and inter-cohort variation in DSM-IV disorders in metropolitan China.","volume":"37","author":"S Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0289123.ref031","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mental health in Vietnam"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0289123.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58379","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058379","article-title":"Depression among Chinese university students: prevalence and socio-demographic correlates.","volume":"8","author":"L Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0289123.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.25001","article-title":"Depressive symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis of comparative studies","volume":"14","author":"QE Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0289123.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm16220","article-title":"The Increased Level of Depression and Anxiety in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients Compared with Healthy Controls: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","volume":"23","author":"C Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0289123.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15325","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"50","author":"M Zamani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0289123.ref036","first-page":"348","article-title":"Correlation between social factors and anxiety-depression in function dyspepsia: do relationships exist?","volume":"9","author":"ZP Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prz Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0289123.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13738","article-title":"Evidence that independent gut-to-brain and brain-to-gut pathways operate in the irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia: a 1-year population-based prospective study","volume":"44","author":"NA Koloski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0289123.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.05.002","article-title":"Depressive mood and quality of life in functional gastrointestinal disorders: differences between functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome and overlap syndrome.","volume":"32","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0289123.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-021-01775-2","article-title":"Gender difference in the overlap of irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia: a prospective nationwide multicenter study in Korea","volume":"56","author":"K Nam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0289123.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-014-0379-z","article-title":"Brain and gut interactions in irritable bowel syndrome: new paradigms and new understandings","volume":"16","author":"E Coss-Adame","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0289123.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12793","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging studies in functional dyspepsia patients: a systematic review.","volume":"28","author":"IS Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0289123.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200011000-00006","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging of visceral sensation.","volume":"17","author":"Q Aziz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0289123.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22072","article-title":"Association of mental health problems with gastrointestinal disorders in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans.","volume":"31","author":"S Maguen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0289123.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800418776082","article-title":"Biological Sex Differences in Depression: A Systematic Review.","volume":"20","author":"A Labaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Res Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0289123.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.09.071","article-title":"Gender, age, society, culture, and the patient\u2019s perspective in the functional gastrointestinal disorders.","volume":"130","author":"L Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0289123.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2018.72.4.163","article-title":"Gender Difference in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders.","volume":"72","author":"JY Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0289123.ref047","first-page":"139","article-title":"Gut clock: implication of circadian rhythms in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"62","author":"PC Konturek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0289123.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97500","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097500","article-title":"Circadian disorganization alters intestinal microbiota","volume":"9","author":"RM Voigt","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0289123.ref049","first-page":"73","article-title":"Association Between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Sleep Disturbance in Adolescents.","volume":"11","author":"L Indah Kusumawati Noor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adolesc Health Med Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0289123.ref050","article-title":"A Discussion of Whether Various Lifestyle Changes can Alleviate the Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Y. Okawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0289123.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30412-1","article-title":"The effect of sleep on gastrointestinal functioning in common digestive diseases","volume":"5","author":"WC Orr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0289123.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.536","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in children in the north of Vietnam","volume":"74","author":"BV Nguyen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0289123.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605354","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2022.1605354","article-title":"High Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection Among School-Aged Children in Ho Chi Minh City, VietNam.","volume":"67","author":"TH Che","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0289123.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-006-9016-y","article-title":"Intra-familial transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection in children of households with multiple generations in Vietnam","volume":"21","author":"VB Nguyen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0289123.ref055","first-page":"81","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in urban and rural Vietnam","volume":"12","author":"TT Hoang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0289123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T17:38:52Z","timestamp":1690306732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0289123"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sanjiv","family":"Mahadeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0289123","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]}}}