{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T01:49:04Z","timestamp":1787881744360,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Raw Milk Institute","award":["Fresno, CA, 93706, USA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fresno, CA, 93706, USA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conflicting claims exist regarding pathogen growth in raw milk. A small pilot study was designed to provide definitive data on trends for pathogen growth and decline in raw bovine milk hygienically produced for direct human consumption. An independent laboratory conducted the study, monitoring growth and decline of pathogens inoculated into raw milk. Raw milk samples were inoculated with foodborne pathogens (<jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> O157:H7, <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>, or <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>) at lower (&lt;162 colony forming units (CFU) per mL) and higher levels (&lt;8,300 CFU\/mL). Samples were stored at 4.4\u00b0C and quantified over time after inoculation (days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 14) by standard culture-based methods. Statistical analysis of trends using the Mann-Kendall Trend Test and Analysis of Variance were conducted for 48 time series observations. Evidence of pathogen growth was documented for <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> in 8 of 12 replicates (P = 0.001 to P = 0.028). Analysis of variance confirmed significant increases for <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> at both initial levels in week 2. No evidence of growth was documented over 14 days for the three pathogens predominantly associated with raw milk outbreaks in the US (<jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> O157:H7, and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>). Further research is needed to characterize parameters for pathogen growth and decline to support re-assessment of risks that were based on incorrect assumptions about interactions of pathogens with the raw milk microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T18:27:55Z","timestamp":1702405675000},"page":"e0289249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Suppression of pathogens in properly refrigerated raw milk"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"M. E.","family":"Coleman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6253-1286","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"T. P.","family":"Oscar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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