{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:12:58Z","timestamp":1792012378838,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Since the peak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, concerns around multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens have increased. This study aimed to characterize aminoglycoside resistance genes in MDR\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumonia<\/jats:italic>\n                    e (\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 220 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria were collected from tertiary hospitals in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, between April 2020 and January 2021. The prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    was 40.5%; of the 89\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, MDR patterns were found among 51 (57.3%) strains. The MDR isolates showed elevated resistance rates to aminoglycoside agents, including amikacin (100%), gentamicin (98%), and tobramycin (98%). PCR assays detected one or more aminoglycoside genes in 42 (82.3%) MDR\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains. The\n                    <jats:italic>rmtD<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was the most predominant gene (66.7%; 34\/51), followed by\n                    <jats:italic>aac(6\u2032)-Ib<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>aph(3\u2032)-Ia<\/jats:italic>\n                    (45.1%; 23\/51). The\n                    <jats:italic>aac(3)-II<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was the least frequent gene (7.8%; 4\/51) produced by our isolates. The\n                    <jats:italic>rmtC<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was not detected in the studied isolates. Our findings indicated a high risk of MDR bacterial infections through the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, there is a need for continuous implementation of effective infection prevention control (IPC) measures to monitor the occurrence of MDR pathogens and the emergence of MDR bacterial infections through the COVID-19 outbreak.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T13:35:36Z","timestamp":1690551336000},"page":"e0289359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Characterization of aminoglycoside resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae collected from tertiary hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0492-5612","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Omar 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