{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:32:31Z","timestamp":1787563951367,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB 940\/2 project B6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB 940\/2 project B6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Contrary to the law of less work, individuals with high levels of need for cognition and self-control tend to choose harder tasks more often. While both traits can be integrated into a core construct of dispositional\n                    <jats:italic>cognitive effort investment<\/jats:italic>\n                    , its relation to actual cognitive effort investment remains unclear. As individuals with high levels of cognitive effort investment are characterized by a high intrinsic motivation towards effortful cognition, they would be less likely to increase their effort based on expected payoff, but rather based on increasing demand. In the present study, we measured actual effort investment on multiple dimensions, i.e., subjective load, reaction time, accuracy, early and late frontal midline theta power, N2 and P3 amplitude, and pupil dilation. In a sample of\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 148 participants, we examined the relationship of dispositional cognitive effort investment and effort indices during a flanker and an\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    -back task with varying demand and payoff. Exploratorily, we examined this relationship for the two subdimensions\n                    <jats:italic>cognitive motivation<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>effortful-self-control<\/jats:italic>\n                    as well. In both tasks, effort indices were sensitive to demand and partly to payoff. The analyses revealed a main effect of cognitive effort investment for accuracy (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    -back task), interaction effects with payoff for reaction time (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    -back and flanker task) and P3 amplitude (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    -back task) and demand for early frontal midline theta power (flanker task). Taken together, our results partly support the notion that individuals with high levels of cognitive effort investment exert effort more efficiently. Moreover, the notion that these individuals exert effort regardless of payoff is partly supported, too. This may further our understanding of the conditions under which person-situation interactions occur, i.e. the conditions under which situations determine effort investment in goal-directed behavior more than personality, and vice versa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T13:27:28Z","timestamp":1692710848000},"page":"e0289428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cognitive effort investment: Does disposition become action?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6418-6479","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Corinna","family":"K\u00fchrt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven-Thomas","family":"Graupner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8148-3467","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philipp C.","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Strobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0289428.ref001","volume-title":"Principles of behavior: An introduction to behavior theory","author":"CL Hull","year":"1943"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0289428.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.9.1.16","article-title":"Effort discounting in human nucleus accumbens","volume":"9","author":"MM Botvinick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0289428.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020198","article-title":"Decision making and the avoidance of cognitive demand","volume":"139","author":"W Kool","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0289428.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72626","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072626","article-title":"Neural and behavioral evidence for an intrinsic cost of self-control","volume":"8","author":"W Kool","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0289428.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x","article-title":"High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success","volume":"72","author":"JP Tangney","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0289428.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68210","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068210","article-title":"What is the subjective cost of cognitive effort? 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