{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:30:44Z","timestamp":1775608244047,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010679","name":"Pasteur Institute of Iran","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["617"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tularemia and Q fever are endemic diseases in Iran; however, little information is available on the prevalence of the causative agents, <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic>, in Iranian ticks. This study investigated <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tularensis<\/jats:italic> among hard ticks in this country. We collected ticks from livestock and other mammals in Guilan, Mazandaran, Golestan (northern Iran), Kurdistan (western Iran), and West Azerbaijan (northwestern Iran) provinces. Genomic DNA from collected ticks was extracted and screened for <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tularensis<\/jats:italic> using Real-time PCR. A total of 4,197 ticks (belonging to 12 different species) were collected, and <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic> (46.4%), <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus turanicus<\/jats:italic> (25%), and <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus sanguineus<\/jats:italic> sensu lato (19.1%) were the most collected species. Of 708 pooled tick samples, 11.3% and 7.20% were positive for <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tularensis<\/jats:italic>, respectively. The genus of <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus<\/jats:italic> had the highest (18.3%) <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic> infection among the collected tick pools (P&lt;0.001). Furthermore, the most positive pools for <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tularensis<\/jats:italic> belonged to <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis<\/jats:italic> spp. (44.4%). Kurdistan had the most significant percentage of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic>-infected ticks (92.5%), and there was a meaningful relationship between the provinces and the infection (P&lt; 0.001). The ticks from Golestan exhibited the highest <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tularensis<\/jats:italic> infection rate (10. 9%), and the infection showed no significant relationship with the provinces (P = 0.19). Ticks collected from grasslands had a higher <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> infection rate than those collected from animals (39.4% vs. 7.9%; p&lt;0.01). However, ticks collected from animal surfaces had a slightly higher rate of <jats:italic>Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic> infection than those collected from grasslands (7.6% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.24). Here, we demonstrated the presence of both pathogens in the north (Guilan, Mazandaran, and Golestan provinces), the west (Kurdistan province), and the northwest (West Azerbaijan province) of Iran. The public health system should pay particular attention to tick bites in veterinary medicine and humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T17:47:05Z","timestamp":1692294425000},"page":"e0289567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Molecular investigation of Coxiella burnetii and Francisella tularensis infection in ticks in northern, western, and northwestern Iran"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1920-1737","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saber","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Latifian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4698-137X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Mordadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyyed Payman","family":"Ziapour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saied Reza","family":"Naddaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1997-517X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Mostafavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0289567.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","article-title":"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases","volume":"451","author":"KE Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0289567.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.23.2.1495","article-title":"Emerging zoonoses and pathogens of public health significance\u2014an overview","volume":"23","author":"C Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Revue scientifique et technique-office international des epizooties"},{"key":"pone.0289567.ref003","first-page":"xiii","article-title":"Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases: global overview","volume":"33","author":"A Zumla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infectious Disease Clinics"},{"key":"pone.0289567.ref004","first-page":"267","article-title":"Emerging vector-borne diseases\u2013incidence through vectors","volume":"2","author":"S Savi\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in public health"},{"key":"pone.0289567.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12045","article-title":"Public Health and Vector\u2010Borne Diseases\u2013A New Concept for Risk Governance.","volume":"60","author":"K Schmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zoonoses and public health"},{"key":"pone.0289567.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00083","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00083-18","article-title":"Emerging tick-borne diseases","volume":"33","author":"S Madison-Antenucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology reviews"},{"key":"pone.0289567.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00114","article-title":"Tick-pathogen interactions and vector competence: identification of molecular drivers for tick-borne diseases.","volume":"7","author":"J De la Fuente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0289567.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-16","article-title":"From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: a paradigm change.","volume":"30","author":"C Eldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology reviews"},{"key":"pone.0289567.ref009","first-page":"2137","article-title":"The status of tularemia in Europe in a one-health context: a review. 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