{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T18:28:13Z","timestamp":1778178493277,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000098","name":"NIH Clinical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH Z01 1ZID BC011242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH Z01 1ZID BC011242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000098","name":"NIH Clinical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CL040015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CL040015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018694","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004320","name":"Philips","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH Medical Research Scholars Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH Medical Research Scholars Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Heat-induced destruction of cancer cells via microwave ablation (MWA) is emerging as a viable treatment of primary and metastatic liver cancer. Prediction of the impacted zone where cell death occurs, especially in the presence of vasculature, is challenging but may be achieved via biophysical modeling. To advance and characterize thermal MWA for focal cancer treatment, an <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> method and experimental dataset were created for assessment of biophysical models designed to dynamically predict ablation zone parameters, given the delivery device, power, location, and proximity to vessels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>MWA zone size, shape, and temperature were characterized and monitored in the absence of perfusion in <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> liver and a tissue-mimicking thermochromic phantom (TMTCP) at two power settings. Temperature was monitored over time using implanted thermocouples with their locations defined by CT. TMTCPs were used to identify the location of the ablation zone relative to the probe. In 6 swine, contrast-enhanced CTs were additionally acquired to visualize vasculature and absence of perfusion along with corresponding post-mortem gross pathology.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Bench studies demonstrated average ablation zone sizes of 4.13\u00b11.56cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and 8.51\u00b13.92cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, solidity of 0.96\u00b10.06 and 0.99\u00b10.01, ablations centered 3.75cm and 3.5cm proximal to the probe tip, and temperatures of 50 \u00baC at 14.5\u00b113.4s and 2.5\u00b12.1s for 40W and 90W ablations, respectively. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> imaging showed average volumes of 9.8\u00b14.8cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> and 33.2\u00b128.4cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> and 3D solidity of 0.87\u00b10.02 and 0.75\u00b10.15, and gross pathology showed a hemorrhagic halo area of 3.1\u00b11.2cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and 9.1\u00b13.0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for 40W and 90W ablations, respectfully. Temperatures reached 50\u00baC at 19.5\u00b19.2s and 13.0\u00b18.3s for 40W and 90W ablations, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>MWA results are challenging to predict and are more variable than manufacturer-provided and bench predictions due to vascular stasis, heat-induced tissue changes, and probe operating conditions. Accurate prediction of MWA zones and temperature <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> requires comprehensive thermal validation sets.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T17:23:06Z","timestamp":1691169786000},"page":"e0289674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Morphometric characterization and temporal temperature measurements during hepatic microwave ablation in swine"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2273-7962","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicole A.","family":"Varble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivane","family":"Bakhutashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheridan 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J.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5805-5344","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William F.","family":"Pritchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0289674.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-019-1632-6","article-title":"Microwave ablation compared with hepatic resection for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"MB Glassberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"World journal of surgical oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0289674.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7252","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07252","article-title":"Comparison of Hepatic Resection and Radiofrequency Ablation 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