{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:17:48Z","timestamp":1793384268717,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>, a cosmopolitan protozoan parasite causes toxoplasmosis in humans and many species of domestic and wild animals. <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> instigates significant economic losses in sheep and goat farming industry and can lead to abortion, stillbirth, congenital malformations and neonatal losses. The objective of this protocol is to evaluate worldwide seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> exposure in goats using Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis and geographic information system (GIS).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A comprehensive literature search will be conducted using search engines, including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, EMBASE, PROSPERO Register and, Google Scholar without date and language restrictions. The authors search for cross-sectional studies that determine the seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> in goats. Two reviewers will independently screen, selected studies; also, they will extract data, and assess the risk of bias. In case(s) of disagreement, a consensus will be reached with the help of a third author. The Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis will use to estimate country and worldwide true seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>, which is consist of the sensitivity and specificity of the applied serological assays. The obtained data will be used to identify country-level risk factors associated with <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> exposure using GIS in the ArcGIS software.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The systematic review produced from this protocol will provide the true prevalence rate and spatial distribution <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> exposure in goats both regionally and globally using Bayesian hierarchical and GIS analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020107928.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T18:26:30Z","timestamp":1703874390000},"page":"e0290012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Global epidemiology and spatial distribution of Toxoplasma gondii in goats: Protocol for a systematic review and Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Afsaneh","family":"Amouei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Mizani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Ali","family":"Hanafi-Bojd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tohid","family":"Jafari-Koshki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3412-1033","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shahabeddin","family":"Sarvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8516-2778","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sargis A.","family":"Aghayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fateme","family":"Amuei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tooran","family":"Nayeri Chegeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8571-5803","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Daryani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290012.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228442","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from placental tissues of pregnant women who received toxoplasmosis treatment during an outbreak in southern Brazil.","volume":"15","author":"CE Minuzzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pone.0290012.ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in farm animals: Risk factors and economic impact.","volume":"12","author":"S Stelzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol"},{"issue":"7254","key":"pone.0290012.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7254.142","article-title":"Sources of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre case-control study. 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