{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:02:33Z","timestamp":1789689753619,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["PNURSP2023R54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R54"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monkeypox is a double-stranded DNA virus with an envelope and is a member of the Poxviridae family\u2019s Orthopoxvirus genus. This virus can transmit from human to human through direct contact with respiratory secretions, infected animals and humans, or contaminated objects and causing mutations in the human body. In May 2022, several monkeypox affected cases were found in many countries. Because of its transmitting characteristics, on July 23, 2022, a nationwide public health emergency was proclaimed by WHO due to the monkeypox virus. This study analyzed the gene mutation rate that is collected from the most recent NCBI monkeypox dataset. The collected data is prepared to independently identify the nucleotide and codon mutation. Additionally, depending on the size and availability of the gene dataset, the computed mutation rate is split into three categories: Canada, Germany, and the rest of the world. In this study, the genome mutation rate of the monkeypox virus is predicted using a deep learning-based Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model and compared with Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) model. The LSTM model shows \u201cRoot Mean Square Error\u201d (RMSE) values of 0.09 and 0.08 for testing and training, respectively. Using this time series analysis method, the prospective mutation rate of the 50<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> patient has been predicted. Note that this is a new report on the monkeypox gene mutation. It is found that the nucleotide mutation rates are decreasing, and the balance between bi-directional rates are maintained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T17:26:00Z","timestamp":1692811560000},"page":"e0290045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Monkeypox genome mutation analysis using a timeseries model based on long short-term memory"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3773-0950","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Refat Khan","family":"Pathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0416-5676","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Amaz","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1333-3816","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ananda Mohan","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Imtiaz","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuhal Y.","family":"Hamd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"Aljuaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayeen Uddin","family":"Khandaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0290045.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2207323","article-title":"Monkeypox Virus Infection in Humans across 16 Countries\u2014April\u2013June 2022","volume":"387","author":"J. P. Thornhill","year":"2022","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290045.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00856-9","article-title":"Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis","volume":"4","author":"D. B. Di Giulio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0290045.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.02.003","article-title":"Monkeypox (mpox) virus: Classification, origin, transmission, genome organization, antiviral drugs, and molecular diagnosis","volume":"16","author":"A. Karagoz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0290045.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102459","article-title":"Diagnosis of monkeypox virus\u2013An overview","volume":"50","author":"M. Altindis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0290045.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26473","article-title":"An Overview of Monkeypox Virus and Its Neuroinvasive Potential","volume":"92","author":"D. M. Pastula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0290045.ref006","unstructured":"\u201cMonkeypox,\u201d World Health Organization. World Health Organization, May 2022. [Online]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/monkeypox"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0290045.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2604.191164","article-title":"Human-to-Human Transmission of Monkeypox Virus, United Kingdom, October 2018","volume":"26","author":"A. Vaughan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0290045.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200421","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of four cases of monkeypox support transmission through sexual contact, Italy, May 2022","volume":"27","author":"A. Antinori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0290045.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x","article-title":"A pox\u2010like disease in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"46","author":"P. von Magnus","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0290045.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3390\/computation10100177","article-title":"A Forecasting Prognosis of the Monkeypox Outbreak Based on a Comprehensive Statistical and Regression Analysis","volume":"10","author":"F. Yasmin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computation"},{"key":"pone.0290045.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102362","article-title":"The never-ending global emergence of viral zoonoses after COVID-19? The rising concern of monkeypox in Europe, North America and beyond","volume":"49","author":"D. A. Le\u00f3n-Figueroa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0290045.ref012","unstructured":"\u201cMonkeypox\u2013Nigeria,\u201d World Health Organization. World Health Organization, Oct. 2022. [Online]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/05-october-2018-monkeypox-nigeria-en"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0290045.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01907-y","article-title":"Phylogenomic characterization and signs of microevolution in the 2022 multi-country outbreak of monkeypox virus","volume":"28","author":"J. Isidro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0290045.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.12513","article-title":"The WHO Declaration of Monkeypox as a Global Public Health Emergency","volume":"328","author":"J. B. Nuzzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0290045.ref015","unstructured":"CDC, \u201cMonkeypox in the U.S.,\u201d Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sep. 2022. [Online]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/response\/2022\/index.html"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0290045.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.3390\/math10203845","article-title":"Meta-Heuristic Optimization of LSTM-Based Deep Network for Boosting the Prediction of Monkeypox Cases","volume":"10","author":"M. M. Eid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"pone.0290045.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110121","article-title":"Deep learning methods for forecasting COVID-19 time-Series data: A Comparative study","volume":"140","author":"A. Zeroual","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"pone.0290045.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110227","article-title":"Time series forecasting of Covid-19 using deep learning models: India-USA comparative case study","volume":"140","author":"S. Shastri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"pone.0290045.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110017","article-title":"Prediction and analysis of COVID-19 positive cases using deep learning models: A descriptive case study of India","volume":"139","author":"P. 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