{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:05:24Z","timestamp":1791576324581,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tackling water scarcity is a significant challenge due to the rapid increase in the global population, which is raising concern for the supply of fresh water. high demand of fresh water leading to a failure in meeting the demand for fresh water. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of an efficient single-slope solar still with an aluminum-finned plate absorber and internal and external reflectors to address water scarcity. Energy, exergy, economic and environmental analyses (6E) were undertaken to deeply analyze its impact on the environment. The maximum energy and exergy efficiency achieved was 60.19% and 21.57%, respectively, at a 2cm depth. The use of both external and internal reflectors assisted in the highest productivity of 7.02 liters. The cost of 0.033$\/liter was obtained for a lifetime of 10 years for the optimal system. The payback time in terms of energy and exergy for the optimal system is 0.88 and 2.23 years, respectively. Furthermore, sustainability and sensitivity (2S) analysis were also performed to assess the system\u2019s current and future feasibility. The total price for carbon dioxide mitigation during the solar still lifetime was $346.7, which represents the cost saving achieved with the installation of the optimal system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T17:26:56Z","timestamp":1692898016000},"page":"e0290250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Energy, exergy, exergo-economic, enviro-economic, exergo-environmental, exergo-enviro-economic, sustainability and sensitivity (6E,2S) analysis on single slope solar still\u2014An experimental study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3959-2723","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Alam Zaib","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2698-7520","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdul","family":"Wahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ali","family":"Kamran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7185","key":"pone.0290250.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06599","article-title":"Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades","volume":"452","author":"M.A. Shannon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0290250.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32002","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4028139","article-title":"Recommendations for Energy\u2013Water\u2013Food Nexus Problems","volume":"137","author":"KV Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290250.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2005.07.001","article-title":"Water scarcity: Fact or fiction?","volume":"80","author":"F.R. 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