{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:10:58Z","timestamp":1790284258635,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"water research council south africa","award":["Grant number: K5 Number: 2432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant number: K5 Number: 2432"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current study determines the density of <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic> spp. and isolates <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Vibrio mimicus<\/jats:italic> from fish-anatomical-sites, prawn, crab and mussel samples recovered from fish markets, freshwater and brackish water. Virulence and antibiotic resistance profiling of isolates were carried out using standard molecular and microbiology techniques. <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic> spp. was detected in more than 90% of samples [134\/144] and its density was significantly more in fish than in other samples. <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mimicus<\/jats:italic> were isolated in at least one sample of each sample type with higher isolation frequency in fish samples. All the <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic> isolates belong to non-O1\/non-O139 serogroup. One or more <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic> isolates exhibited intermediate or resistance against each of the eighteen panels of antibiotics used but 100% of the <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mimicus<\/jats:italic> were susceptible to amikacin, gentamycin and chloramphenicol. <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic> exhibited relatively high resistance against polymyxin, ampicillin and amoxicillin\/clavulanate while <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mimicus<\/jats:italic> isolates exhibited relatively high resistance against nitrofurantoin, ampicillin and polymixin. The multiple-antibiotic-resistance-index [MARI] for isolates ranges between 0 and 0.67 and 48% of the isolates have MARI that is &gt;0.2 while 55% of the isolates exhibit MultiDrug Resistance Phenotypes. The percentage detection of <jats:italic>acc<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ant<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>drf<\/jats:italic>18, <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>blasvh<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>blaoxa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>blatem<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>blaoxa<\/jats:italic>48, <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic> resistance-associated genes were 2%, 9%, 14%, 7%, 2%, 25%, 7%, 2%, 2%, 32%, 25% and 27% respectively while that for virulence-associated genes in increasing other was <jats:italic>ace<\/jats:italic> [2%], <jats:italic>tcp<\/jats:italic> [11%], <jats:italic>vpi<\/jats:italic> [16%], <jats:italic>ompU<\/jats:italic> [34%], <jats:italic>toxR<\/jats:italic> [43%], <jats:italic>rtxC<\/jats:italic> [70%], <jats:italic>rtxA<\/jats:italic> [73%] and <jats:italic>hyla<\/jats:italic> [77%]. The study confirmed the potential of environmental non-O1\/non-O139 <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mimicus<\/jats:italic> to cause cholera-like infection and other vibriosis which could be difficult to manage with commonly recommended antibiotics. Thus, regular monitoring of the environment to create necessary awareness for this kind of pathogens is important in the interest of public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T17:27:54Z","timestamp":1692898074000},"page":"e0290356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes profiling of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus isolates from some seafood collected at the aquatic environment and wet markets in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2100-3422","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oluwatayo E.","family":"Abioye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nolonwabo","family":"Nontongana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Osunla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony I.","family":"Okoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0290356.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00282","article-title":"Fish as Hosts of Vibrio cholerae","volume":"8","author":"M Halpern","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0290356.ref002","unstructured":"Cholera: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology. 2023 Jun 14 [cited 2023 Jul 12]; https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/962643-overview"},{"key":"pone.0290356.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8397930","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8397930","article-title":"Characterization of Potential Virulence Factors of Vibrio mimicus Isolated from Fishery Products and Water","volume":"2021","author":"MF Hern\u00e1ndez-Robles","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Microbiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0290356.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-410","article-title":"Vibrio mimicus Infection Associated with Crayfish Consumption, Spokane, Washington, 2010","volume":"75","author":"MK Kay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0290356.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2008.06827.x","article-title":"Modulation of Vibrio mimicus hemolysin through limited proteolysis by an endogenous metalloprotease","volume":"276","author":"T Mizuno","year":"2009","journal-title":"The FEBS Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0290356.ref006","first-page":"314","article-title":"Distribution of Vibrio species in Shellfish and Water Samples Collected from the Atlantic Coastline of South-East Nigeria","volume":"31","author":"OAL Eyisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0290356.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.06.033","article-title":"Environmental reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae","volume":"38","author":"MS Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290356.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2019.1702797","article-title":"Complete genome analysis of Vibrio mimicus strain SCCF01, a highly virulent isolate from the freshwater catfish","volume":"11","author":"Z Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"pone.0290356.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebob T Jacqueline, Asikong BEE, Mboto., Ukwuoma CIIC. 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