{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:07:11Z","timestamp":1790766431273,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Soon after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, the\n                    <jats:italic>Betacoronavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    SARS-CoV-2 infection of several mink farms breeding American minks (\n                    <jats:italic>Neovison vison<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) for fur was detected in various European countries. The risk of a new reservoir being formed and of a reverse zoonosis from minks quickly became a major concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the four French mink farms to see whether SARS-CoV-2 was circulating there in late 2020. The investigations took place during the slaughtering period, thus facilitating different types of sampling (swabs and blood). On one of the four mink farms, 96.6% of serum samples were positive when tested with a SARS-CoV-2 ELISA coated with purified N protein recombinant antigen, and 54 out of 162 (33%) pharyngo-tracheal swabs were positive by RT-qPCR. The genetic variability among 12 SARS-CoV-2 genomes sequenced from this farm indicated the co-circulation of several lineages at the time of sampling. All the SARS-CoV-2 genomes detected were nested within the 20A clade (Nextclade), together with SARS-CoV-2 genomes from humans sampled during the same period. The percentage of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity by ELISA varied between 0.3 and 1.1% on the other three farms. Interestingly, among these three farms, 11 pharyngo-tracheal swabs and 3 fecal pools from two farms were positive by end-point RT-PCR for an\n                    <jats:italic>Alphacoronavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    very similar to a mink coronavirus sequence observed on Danish farms in 2015. In addition, a mink\n                    <jats:italic>Caliciviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    was identified on one of the two farms positive for\n                    <jats:italic>Alphacoronavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The clinical impact of these inapparent viral infections is not known. The co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 with other viruses on mink farms could help explain the diversity of clinical symptoms noted on different infected farms in Europe. In addition, the co-circulation of an\n                    <jats:italic>Alphacoronavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and SARS-CoV-2 on a mink farm would potentially increase the risk of viral recombination between alpha and betacoronaviruses as already suggested in wild and domestic animals, as well as in humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T13:28:52Z","timestamp":1692970132000},"page":"e0290444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Investigations into SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses on mink farms in France late in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5054-3634","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marine","family":"Wasniewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Bou\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Richomme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Simon-Lori\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie Van","family":"der Werf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Donati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Enouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Beven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estelle","family":"Leperchois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryce","family":"Leterrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Corbet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3672-9974","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Meriadeg","family":"Le Gouil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Monchatre-Leroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyne","family":"Picard-Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0290444.ref001","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, the Netherlands, April and May 2020.","volume":"25","author":"N Oreshkova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill Bull Eur Sur Mal Transm Eur Commun Dis Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290444.ref002","first-page":"164","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 in Danish Mink Farms: Course of the Epidemic and a Descriptive Analysis of the Outbreaks in 2020.","volume":"1211","author":"A Boklund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Open Access J MDPI."},{"key":"pone.0290444.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663815","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.663815","article-title":"Mink, SARS-CoV-2, and the Human-Animal Interface.","volume":"12","author":"F Fenollar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0290444.ref004","article-title":"Decreased neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 global variants by therapeutic anti-spike protein monoclonal antibodies","volume":"2021","author":"T Tada","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioRxiv Prepr Serv Biol"},{"key":"pone.0290444.ref005","article-title":"mRNA-1273 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies against spike mutants from global SARS-CoV-2 variants.","volume":"2021","author":"K Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioRxiv Prepr Serv Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290444.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27096-9","article-title":"Adaptation, spread and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in farmed minks and associated humans in the Netherlands.","volume":"12","author":"L Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6525","key":"pone.0290444.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe5901","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans","volume":"371","author":"BB Oude Munnink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0290444.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2709.210286","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Farmed Mink (Neovison vison), Poland.","volume":"27","author":"L Rabalski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0290444.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2702.203794","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Transmission between Mink (Neovison vison) and Humans, Denmark.","volume":"27","author":"AS 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