{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T20:55:43Z","timestamp":1790456143081,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AID-OAA-A-17-00015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-OAA-A-17-00015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective, but alternative delivery options are needed to reach more users. Microarray patches (MAPs), a novel drug-delivery system containing micron-scale projections or \u201cmicroneedles\u201d that deliver drugs via skin, are being developed to deliver long-acting HIV PrEP and as a multipurpose prevention technology to protect from HIV and unintended pregnancy. We explored whether MAP technology could meet user and health system needs in two African countries.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Researchers in South Africa and Uganda conducted 27 focus group discussions, 76 mock-use exercises, and 31 key informant interviews to explore perceptions about MAPs and specific features such as MAP size, duration of protection, delivery indicator, and health system fit. Participants included young women and men from key populations and vulnerable groups at high risk of HIV and\/or unintended pregnancy, including adolescent girls and young women; female sex workers and men who have sex with these women; and men who have sex with men. In Uganda, researchers also recruited young women and men from universities and the community as vulnerable groups. Key stakeholders included health care providers, sexual and reproductive health experts, policymakers, and youth activists. Qualitative data were transcribed, translated, coded, and analyzed to explore perspectives and preferences about MAPs. Survey responses after mock-use in Uganda were tabulated to assess satisfaction with MAP features and highlight areas for additional refinement.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>All groups expressed interest in MAP technology, reporting perceived advantages over other methods. Most participants preferred the smallest MAP size for ease of use and discreetness. Some would accept a larger MAP if it provided longer protection. Most preferred a protection duration of 1 to 3 months or longer; others preferred 1-week protection. Upper arm and thigh were the most preferred application sites. Up to 30 minutes of wear time was considered acceptable; some wanted longer to ensure the drug was fully delivered. Self-administration was valued by all groups; most preferred initial training by a provider.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Potential users and stakeholders showed strong interest in\/acceptance of MAP technology, and their feedback identified key improvements for MAP design. If a MAP containing a high-potency antiretroviral or a MAP containing both an antiretroviral and hormonal contraceptive is developed, these products could improve acceptability\/uptake of protection options in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T17:35:22Z","timestamp":1693503322000},"page":"e0290568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exploring user and stakeholder perspectives from South Africa and Uganda to refine microarray patch development for HIV PrEP delivery and as a multipurpose prevention technology"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0570-9353","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ayesha","family":"Ismail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Magni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Katahoire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Ayebare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Siu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Semitala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kyambadde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Friedland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3046-6891","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Courtney","family":"Jarrahian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6161-7213","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maggie","family":"Kilbourne-Brook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0290568.ref001","volume-title":"Fact Sheet 2021.","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0290568.ref002","volume-title":"Global AIDS Update","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0290568.ref003","volume-title":"An AIDS Free Uganda, My Responsibility: Documents For the National HIV and AIDS Response, 2015\/2016\u20132019\/2020.","author":"Uganda AIDS Commission","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0290568.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1535-2","article-title":"Men who have sex with men in Kampala, Uganda: results from a bio-behavioral respondent driven sampling survey","volume":"21","author":"W Hladik","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"pone.0290568.ref005","volume-title":"Behaviour and Communication Survey, 2017","author":"LC Simbayi","year":"2019"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0290568.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8125","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19138125","article-title":"The HIV Epidemic in South Africa: Key Findings from 2017 National Population-Based Survey.","volume":"19","author":"on behalf of the SABSSM V Study Group Contributors","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290568.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7553-z","article-title":"Sexual practices, sexual behavior and HIV risk profile of key populations in Nigeria.","volume":"19","author":"B Ochonye","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0290568.ref008","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization\/World Health Organization. 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