{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:45:03Z","timestamp":1790390703245,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) is a mitochondrial toxin sometimes used as a weight loss agent. Reports of fatalities from DNP have been increasing since 2000, suggesting an increase in use. Our understanding of DNP toxicity in humans comes from reports to Poison Control and postmortem analyses, sources that are biased to more extreme presentations. This leads to a gap in our knowledge about the adverse effects of DNP at nonlethal doses. Here we investigate the doses and effects of DNP as reported online.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed publicly available Internet posts that we collected from 2017\u20132019. The posts came from anonymous users or users who voluntarily self-identified. We collected data from websites whose terms of use allow for the secondary analysis of data that their users agree to make public. We used natural language processing techniques that we had previously developed to extract doses, effects, and substances mentioned in each post.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We collected 1,630 posts across 5 online forums and the Reddit forum r\/DNP. The posts were from 1,234 unique usernames. The most commonly reported doses were between 150 to 300 mg each day followed by 300 to 450 mg each day. At those doses, the most reported adverse effects were profuse sweating and fatigue. Reports of thermoregulatory (sweating, feeling hot flashes or flushed), fatigue-related, and neurologically related symptoms were statistically significantly more frequent at reported daily doses greater than 150 mg than doses below 150 mg (post-hoc \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      -test with Bonferroni correction). The effects were judged as plausible by two board-certified medical toxicologists. Triiodothyronine, clenbuterol, testosterone, and trenbolone, an androgenic anabolic steroid were the most significantly co-mentioned substances.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fatigue, increased body temperature, and paresthesias from DNP are reported more frequently at doses greater than 150 mg each day than at doses less than 150 mg each day. Online discussions of DNP frequently mention androgenic anabolic steroids and other weight loss agents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T13:23:27Z","timestamp":1694611407000},"page":"e0290630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sublethal toxicities of 2,4-dinitrophenol as inferred from online self-reports"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Abdelati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele M.","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9000-1765","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Chary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0290630.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1953.tb01389.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of dinitrophenol toxicity","volume":"28","author":"Wiley Online Library","year":"1953","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0290630.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0162-6","article-title":"2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP): a weight loss agent with significant acute toxicity and risk of death","volume":"7","author":"Springer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol."},{"key":"pone.0290630.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1933.02740440032009","article-title":"Use of dinitrophenol in obesity and related conditions: a progress report","volume":"101","author":"American Medical Association","year":"1933","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0290630.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1933.02740280013006","article-title":"Actions and uses of dinitrophenol: promising metabolic applications","volume":"101","author":"American Medical Association","year":"1933","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0290630.ref005","first-page":"115","article-title":"Dinitrophenol and obesity: an early twentieth-century regulatory dilemma. 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