{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T08:18:32Z","timestamp":1792225112078,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acid sulfate soil characterized by pyrite (FeS<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) which produces high acidity (soil pH &lt; 3.5) and release high amount of Al<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup> and Fe<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>. Application of 4 t ha<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> Ground Magnesium Limestone (GML), is a common rate used for acid sulfate soil by the rice farmers in Malaysia. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the integral effect of ground magnesium limestone (GML) and calcium silicate and to determine the optimal combination on acid sulfate soils in Malaysia. The acid sulfate soils were incubated under the submerged condition for 120 days with GML (0, 2, 4, 6 t ha<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>) in combination with calcium silicate (0, 1, 2, 3 t ha<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>) arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The soil was sampled after 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of incubation and analyzed for soil pH, exchangeable Al, Ca, Mg, K and available Si. A total of 2 out of 16 combinations met the desired soil requirement for rice cultivation. The desired chemical soil characteristics for rice cultivation are soil pH &gt; 4, exchangeable Al &lt; 2 cmol<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub> Kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>, exchangeable Ca &gt; 2 cmol<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub> kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>, exchangeable Mg &gt; 1 cmol<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub> kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> and Si content &gt; 43 mg kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>. The combinations are i) 2 t ha<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> calcium silicate + 2 t ha<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> GML, and ii) 3 t ha<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> calcium silicate + 2 t ha<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> GML, respectively. These combination rates met the desired requirement of soil chemical characteristics for rice cultivation. Soil acidity was reduced by a gradual release of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> and SiO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>2-<\/jats:sup> from calcium silicate continuously filling the exchange sites and reducing the potential of extra (free) H<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> availability in the soil system. Combination of calcium silicate and GML, shows the ameliorative effect with; i) release of Ca, ii) binding of Al<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup> making it inert Al-hydroxides and, iii) bind H<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> to produce water molecules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T17:30:29Z","timestamp":1694799029000},"page":"e0290703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The effect of calcium silicate and ground magnesium limestone (GML) on the chemical characteristics of acid sulfate soil"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7213-6682","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elisa Azura","family":"Azman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roslan","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seishi","family":"Ninomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamshuddin","family":"Jusop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uraiwan","family":"Tongkaemkaew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0290703.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-199111000-00008","article-title":"Soil solution compositions and minerology of some active aci sulfate soils in Malaysia as affected by laboratory incubation with lime","volume":"152","author":"J. 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