{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:43:58Z","timestamp":1791902638235,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23DE027412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DE027412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DE031025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE031025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> is a pathogenic fungus recently recognized for its role in severe early childhood caries development (S-ECC). <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> oral colonization begins at birth, but the extent of the mother\u2019s involvement in yeast transmission to their children is unclear, therefore, this study used a prospective mother-infant cohort to investigate the maternal contribution of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> oral colonization in early life. Oral samples were collected from 160 mother-child dyads during pregnancy and from birth to two years of life. We used whole-genome sequencing to obtain the genetic information of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> isolates and examined the genetic relatedness of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> between mothers and their children using Multilocus Sequence Typing. Multivariate statistical methods were used to identify factors associated with <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans\u2019<\/jats:italic> acquisition (horizontal and vertical transmissions). Overall, 227 <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> oral isolates were obtained from 93 (58.1%) of mother-child pairs. eBURST analysis revealed 16 clonal complexes, and UPGMA analysis identified 6 clades, with clade 1 being the most populated 124 isolates (54.6%). Significantly, 94% of mothers and children with oral <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> had highly genetically related strains, highlighting a strong maternal influence on children\u2019s <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> acquisition. Although factors such as race, ethnicity, delivery method, and feeding behaviors did not show a significant association with <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> vertical transmission, the mother\u2019s oral hygiene status reflected by plaque index (PI) emerged as a significant factor; Mothers with higher dental plaque accumulation (PI &gt;=2) had a significantly increased risk of vertically transmitting <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> to their infants [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 8.02 (1.21, 53.24), p=0.03]. Furthermore, Black infants and those who attended daycare had an elevated risk of acquiring <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> through horizontal transmission (p &lt;0.01). These findings highlight the substantial role of maternal transmission in the oral acquisition of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> during early life. Incorporating screening for maternal fungal oral carriage and implementing oral health education programs during the perinatal stage may prove valuable in preventing fungal transmission in early infancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T13:23:41Z","timestamp":1705497821000},"page":"e0290938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Multilocus sequence typing of Candida albicans oral isolates reveals high genetic relatedness of mother-child dyads in early 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