{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T03:50:25Z","timestamp":1772164225462,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016286","name":"Urmia University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We aimed to investigate the scolicidal effects of sanguinarine on hydatid cyst protoscoleces (PSCs) in vitro and in silico. Different targets were docked into the active sites of sanguinarine. Molecular docking processes and visualization of interactions were performed using AutoDock Vina and Discovery Studio Visualizer. Binding energy was calculated and compared (kcal\/mol). PSCs were aspirated from the hydatid cysts and washed. The sediments of PSCs were then exposed to various concentrations (50, 25, 12, 6, 3, and 1 \u03bcg\/mL) of sanguinarine. The viability test was finally evaluated by the Trypan blue solution 4%. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase were analyzed to assess the level of oxidative stress-treated PSCs. Caspase-3 activity rate was determined to evaluate cell apoptosis in treated PSCs. Among the receptors, <jats:italic>acetylcholinesterase<\/jats:italic> was identified as the excellent target, with Vina score of -11.8. Sanguinarine showed high scolicidal effects after 12, 24, and 48 h. Also, in the first hour of exposure to the drug, caspase-3 activity and MDA level significantly increased, but the levels of GSH and GPx had a significant reduction after 12, 24, and 48 h (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). The findings of this study revealed that sanguinarine have potent scolicidal effects in vitro and in silico and could be considered an opportunity for the introduction of a novel and safe therapeutic agent for the treatment of cystic echinococcosis. However, supplementary studies will be desired to prove the current findings by examining sanguinarine in a clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T17:42:42Z","timestamp":1698255762000},"page":"e0290947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["In vitro and in silico scolicidal effect of sanguinarine on the hydatid cyst protoscoleces"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Elham","family":"Hassanzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8753-0666","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shahram","family":"Khademvatan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Behzad","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Yousefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0290947.ref001","first-page":"231","article-title":"WHO Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis","volume":"74","author":"Guidelines for treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0290947.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.09.013","article-title":"Natural products applied against hydatid cyst protoscolices: A review of past to present","volume":"176","author":"MH Kohansal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290947.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2015.00036","article-title":"Hepatic Echinococcal Cysts: A Review","volume":"4","author":"T Pakala","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290947.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.11.001","article-title":"Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans","volume":"114","author":"E Brunetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0290947.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X18000275","article-title":"Echinococcus granulosus genotypes in Iran: a systematic review","volume":"93","author":"S Khademvatan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0290947.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X17000463","article-title":"Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"HR Khalkhali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0290947.ref007","first-page":"214","article-title":"Clinical presentation of hydatid cyst of liver: descriptive study","volume":"4","author":"R. 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