{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:44:12Z","timestamp":1790786652118,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K11654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K11654"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human body movements are based on the intrinsic trade-off between speed and accuracy. Fitts\u2019s law (1954) shows that the time required for movement is represented by a simple logarithmic equation and is applicable to a variety of movements. However, few studies have determined the role of the direction in modulating the performance of upper limb movements and the effects of the interactions between direction and distance and between direction and target size. This study examined the variations in temporal properties of the speed-accuracy trade-off in arm-pointing movements that directly manipulate objects according to the direction, distance, and target size. Participants performed pointing movements to the targets with 3 different sizes presented at 15 locations (5 directions and 3 distances) on a horizontal plane. Movement time (MT) for each trial in each condition was obtained. Subsequently, Mackenzie\u2019s model (1992), MT = a + b log<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(D\/W +1), where D and W represent the distance and width of the target, respectively, was fitted. The slope factor b, a fitted parameter in the equation, was calculated and evaluated according to the changes in the direction, distance, and target size. The results showed that MTs exhibited anisotropy in the hemifield, being the smallest in the right-forward direction. Additionally, the slope factor b, as a function of distance, was smaller in the rightward direction than in the forward and left-forward directions. These results suggest that the degree of difficulty of upper limb movements expands heterogeneously in various directions around the body.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T17:31:09Z","timestamp":1695317469000},"page":"e0291715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Temporal properties of the speed-accuracy trade-off for arm-pointing movements in various directions around the body"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Soma","family":"Okuuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Tani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5047-8296","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Kushiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0291715.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055392","article-title":"The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement.","volume":"47","author":"PM Fitts","year":"1954","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0291715.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1989.10735486","article-title":"A note on the information-theoretic basis of Fitts\u2019 law.","volume":"21","author":"IS MacKenzie","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Mot Behav."},{"key":"pone.0291715.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1145\/142750.142794","volume-title":"In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI \u201992).","author":"IS MacKenzie","year":"1992"},{"key":"pone.0291715.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X97001441","article-title":"Speed\/accuracy trade-offs in target-directed movements","volume":"20","author":"R Plamondon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"pone.0291715.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000416","article-title":"Speed-accuracy trade-off in the performance of pointing movements in different directions in two-dimensional space","volume":"134","author":"N Smyrnis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0291715.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128603000403","article-title":"Comparison of six cursor control devices based on Fitts\u2019 law models","volume":"30","author":"BW Epps","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting"},{"key":"pone.0291715.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00615","article-title":"Unifying Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off and Cost-Benefit Trade-Off in Human Reaching Movements.","volume":"11","author":"L Peternel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"pone.0291715.ref008","first-page":"112","article-title":"Accuracy of planar reaching movements. 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