{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T21:11:39Z","timestamp":1789161099339,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis Virus C (HCV) infection rates have trended upwards among pregnant people in the USA since 2009. Existing evidence about HCV infections and maternal outcomes is limited; therefore, we used birth certificate data to investigate the association between HCV infection and maternal health outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used the 2017 US birth certificate dataset (a cross-section of 1.4 million birth records) to assess the association between prevalent HCV infection and gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, and eclampsia. Potential confounding variables included prenatal care, age, education, smoking, presence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), body mass index (BMI), and weight gain during pregnancy. We restricted our analysis to only women with a first singleton pregnancy. Odds ratios were estimated by logistic regression models and separate models were tested for white and Black women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Only 0.31% of the women in our sample were infected with HCV (n = 4412). In an unadjusted model, we observed a modest significant protective association between HCV infection and gestational diabetes (Odds ratio [OR]: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.76\u20130.96); but this was attenuated with adjustment for confounding variables (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.76, 1.02). There was no association between HCV and gestational hypertension (AOR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.16) or eclampsia (AOR: 1.15; 95% CI: 0.69, 1.93). Results from the race stratified models were similar to the non-stratified summary models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed no statistically significant associations between maternal HCV infection with maternal health outcomes. Although, our analysis did indicate that HCV may lower the risk of gestational diabetes, this may be attributable to confounding. Studies utilizing more accurately measured HCV infection including those collecting type and timing of testing, and timing of infection are warranted to ensure HCV does not adversely impact maternal and\/or fetal health. Particularly in the absence of recommended therapy for HCV during pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T17:31:26Z","timestamp":1697650286000},"page":"e0291994","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maternal hepatitis C virus infection and three adverse maternal outcomes in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Hood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William C.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Shoben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall E.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison H.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0291994.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908193410802","article-title":"The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994","volume":"341","author":"MJ Alter","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0291994.ref002","author":"CDC","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viral Hepatitis Surveillance\u2014United States, 2017."},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0291994.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i17.2436","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"13","author":"MJ 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Patrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0291994.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.03.052","article-title":"Pregnancy complications associated with hepatitis C: data from a 2003\u20132005 Washington state birth cohort.","volume":"199","author":"SA Pergam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0291994.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02556.x","article-title":"Maternal hepatitis B and hepatitis C carrier status and perinatal outcomes","volume":"31","author":"LE Connell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0291994.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2011.01436.x","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes associated with viral hepatitis","volume":"18","author":"KL Reddick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Viral 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