{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T05:35:43Z","timestamp":1792647343451,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella infections pose a significant global public health concern due to the substantial expenses associated with monitoring, preventing, and treating the infection. In this study, we explored the core proteome of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> to design a multi-epitope vaccine through Subtractive Proteomics and immunoinformatics approaches. A total of 2395 core proteins were curated from 30 different isolates of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> (strain NZ CP014051 was taken as reference). Utilizing the subtractive proteomics approach on the <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> core proteome, Curlin major subunit A (CsgA) was selected as the vaccine candidate. <jats:italic>csgA<\/jats:italic> is a conserved gene that is related to biofilm formation. Immunodominant B and T cell epitopes from CsgA were predicted using numerous immunoinformatics tools. T lymphocyte epitopes had adequate population coverage and their corresponding MHC alleles showed significant binding scores after peptide-protein based molecular docking. Afterward, a multi-epitope vaccine was constructed with peptide linkers and Human Beta Defensin-2 (as an adjuvant). The vaccine could be highly antigenic, non-toxic, non-allergic, and have suitable physicochemical properties. Additionally, Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Immune Simulation demonstrated that the vaccine can bind with Toll Like Receptor 4 and elicit a robust immune response. Using <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, and clinical trials, our findings could yield a Pan-<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> vaccine that might provide protection against various <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T17:31:13Z","timestamp":1720027873000},"page":"e0292413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An integrated comparative genomics, subtractive proteomics and immunoinformatics framework for the rational design of a Pan-Salmonella multi-epitope vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6019-3797","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arittra","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Rakib","family":"Hosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5183-5839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anika Bushra","family":"Lamisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishtiaque","family":"Ahammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeshan Mahmud","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tabassum Binte","family":"Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Mehadi Hasan","family":"Sohag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Uzzal","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keshob Chandra","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaman Ara","family":"Keya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md","family":"Salimullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0292413.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.7.2465-2467.2000","article-title":"Salmonella Nomenclature","volume":"38","author":"F. W. 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