{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:08:19Z","timestamp":1788498499729,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004336","name":"Novartis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK1709695404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK1709695404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To assess a new method for inferring glaucoma status using prescriptions data.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study population comprised all individuals living in Denmark in the period 1995 to 2018 and included 6,930,571 individuals. We used information from The National Prescription Registry on claimed prescriptions as the basis for our study (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 223,592). We inferred glaucoma status using data on claimed prescriptions, in-hospital ICD-10 diagnoses, and in-hospital glaucoma surgeries. We infer glaucoma status in three ways using the prescription pattern: glaucoma inferred by (i) the use of a first claimed prescription, (ii) the use of a second claimed prescription with a gap of at least 90 days, and (iii) the use of a third claimed prescription for glaucoma medication, again with a gap of at least 90 days between prescriptions. Furthermore, we compared the results with alternative indications for glaucoma, namely in-hospital ICD-10-diagnosed glaucoma and in-hospital glaucoma surgery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We first determined that glaucoma status could be inferred from claimed prescription data and found that a single claimed prescription was highly correlated with the more restricted composite measure of glaucoma (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.80, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.0001), with a kappa coefficient of 80%. Focusing on individuals with a confirmed in-hospital glaucoma diagnosis, we found a high sensitivity of 88% using anti-glaucomatous prescriptions as a surrogate marker for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). We then derived several descriptive insights. The prevalence of glaucoma increased during the period from 1996 to 2018, while the incidence was constant. We also found a decreasing trend in the ratio of the number of people diagnosed annually in hospitals to the number of people filling prescriptions. This indicated a relative increase in the number of patients treated or managed in the secondary sector. Finally, using data on diagnoses and claimed prescriptions, we found that the proportion of total noncompliant patients, i.e., patients who do not claim their prescription at any time in the study period (two decades) was at most 11.8%. This share is calculated on the basis of diagnosed patients who did not have surgery. The results was not sensitive to the glaucoma inference rule.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Anti-glaucomatous medicine prescriptions can be used to infer glaucoma status, with useful implications for epidemiological research. The sensitivity is particularly high for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T18:35:23Z","timestamp":1701887723000},"page":"e0292439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Inferring glaucoma status from prescriptions, diagnoses, and operations data: A Danish nationwide study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5767-4653","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna","family":"Horwitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Klemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4114-0267","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jens","family":"Rovelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Horwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Torp-Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Kolko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0292439.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307223","article-title":"Global variations and time trends in the prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"V. V. Kapetanakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0292439.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224","article-title":"The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020","volume":"90","author":"HA Quigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0292439.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16067","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.67","article-title":"Primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"2","author":"R. N. Weinreb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"key":"pone.0292439.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","article-title":"Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"YC Tham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0292439.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.532","article-title":"Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma among adults in the United States","volume":"122","author":"DS Friedman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0292439.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4254","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0299","article-title":"Variations in primary open-angle glaucoma prevalence by age, gender, and race: a Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"AR Rudnicka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"pone.0292439.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ORSF5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12789","article-title":"The prevalence of age-related eye diseases and visual impairment in aging: current estimates","volume":"54","author":"R Klein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0292439.ref008","first-page":"798","article-title":"Data resource profile: the Danish national prescription registry","volume":"46","author":"A. Potteg\u00e5rd","year":"2017","journal-title":"International journal of epidemiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0292439.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3457","article-title":"The Nordic prescription databases as a resource for pharmacoepidemiological research\u2014a literature review","volume":"22","author":"B. Wettermark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety"},{"key":"pone.0292439.ref010","unstructured":"Foreningen af Praktiserende Speciall\u00e6ger (FAPS). (2022). Modernisering af \u00f8jenl\u00e6gehj\u00e6lp i speciall\u00e6gepraksis. (Revised as of September 12, 2022.) https:\/\/www.laeger.dk\/foreninger\/faps\/moderniseringer\/."},{"key":"pone.0292439.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1989.tb00754.x","article-title":"Glaucoma prevalence in the Nordic countries. Estimates based on glaucoma drug consumption","volume":"67","author":"E Goldschmidt","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0292439.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0132048","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132048","article-title":"The prevalence and incidence of glaucoma in Denmark in a fifteen year period: a nationwide study","volume":"10","author":"M. Kolko","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0292439.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010429","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010429","article-title":"Geographical variation in glaucoma prescribing trends in England 2008\u20132012: an observational ecological study","volume":"6","author":"J. S. Heng","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"key":"pone.0292439.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2684674","article-title":"Danish nationwide data reveal a link between diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma","volume":"2016","author":"A. Horwitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of diabetes research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0292439.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08068","article-title":"Antihypertensive medication postpones the onset of glaucoma: evidence from a nationwide study","volume":"69","author":"A. Horwitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2011","key":"pone.0292439.ref016","first-page":"592","article-title":"Thyroxin substitution and open-angle glaucoma: a nationwide register-based study on filled prescriptions","volume":"95.4","author":"Jan Calissendorff","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2020","key":"pone.0292439.ref017","first-page":"e0242786","article-title":"The prevalence and incidence of glaucoma in Norway 2004\u20132018: A nationwide population-based study","volume":"15.12","author":"Jon Klokk Slettedal","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"key":"pone.0292439.ref018","article-title":"Prescribed anti\u2010glaucoma medication consumption and road traffic crash","author":"Li Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety"},{"key":"pone.0292439.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","author":"J. R. Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0292439","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T18:35:38Z","timestamp":1701887738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0292439"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yuyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0292439","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]}}}