{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:11:33Z","timestamp":1788909093954,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DGPs (German Society for Psychology: Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology) and Movisens","award":["Peer-Mentoring-Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Peer-Mentoring-Program"]}]},{"name":"Innovative Medizinische Forschung","award":["ME121805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ME121805"]}]},{"name":"Innovative Medizinische Forschung","award":["LE121904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LE121904"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["398510439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["398510439"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inhibitory control deficits are considered a key pathogenic factor in anxiety disorders. To assess inhibitory control, the antisaccade task is a well-established measure that assesses antisaccade performance via latencies and error rates. The present study follows three aims: (1) to investigate inhibitory control via antisaccade latencies and errors in an antisaccade task, and their associations with multiple measures of fear in patients with spider phobia (SP) versus healthy controls (HC), (2) to investigate the modifiability of antisaccade performance via a fear-specific antisaccade training in patients with SP and HC, and (3) to explore associations between putative training-induced changes in antisaccade performance in SPs and changes in diverse measures of fear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Towards aim 1, we assess antisaccade latencies (primary outcome) and error rates (secondary outcome) in an emotional antisaccade task. Further, the baseline assessment includes assessments of psychophysiological, behavioral, and psychometric indices of fear in patients with SP and HCs. To address aim 2, we compare effects of a fear-specific antisaccade training with effects of a prosaccade training as a control condition. The primary and secondary outcomes are reassessed at a post-1-assessment in both SPs and HCs. Aim 3 employs a cross-over design and is piloted in patients with SP, only. Towards this aim, primary and secondary outcomes, as well as psychophysiological, behavioral, and psychometric measures of fear are reassessed at a post-2-assessment after the second training block.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aims to better understand inhibitory control processes and their modifiability in spider phobia. If successful, antisaccade training may assist in the treatment of specific phobia by directly targeting the putative underlying inhibitory control deficits. This study has been preregistered with ISRCTN (ID:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.isrctn.com\/ISRCTN12918583\" xlink:type=\"simple\">ISRCTN12918583<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ) on 28th February 2022.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T13:25:56Z","timestamp":1702992356000},"page":"e0292471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Inhibitory control and its modification in spider phobia \u2013 Study protocol for an antisaccade training trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5612-4083","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anne Sophie","family":"Hildebrand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Breuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth Johanna","family":"Leehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes B.","family":"Finke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandra","family":"Bucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Klucken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udo","family":"Dannlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kati","family":"Roesmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0292471.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30169-X","article-title":"Specific phobias","volume":"5","author":"WW Eaton","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref002","first-page":"473","article-title":"The diagnosis of and treatment recommendations for anxiety disorders","volume":"111","author":"B Bandelow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt International"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.08.004","article-title":"Response rates for CBT for anxiety disorders: Need for standardized criteria","volume":"42","author":"AG Loerinc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000044","article-title":"Meta-analysis of dropout from cognitive behavioral therapy: Magnitude, timing, and moderators","volume":"83","author":"E Fernandez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-3204.44.4.450","article-title":"Clinical implications of attentional bias in anxiety disorders: An integrative literature review","volume":"44","author":"S Mobini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychotherapy (Chic)"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.2.336","article-title":"Anxiety and cognitive performance: attentional control theory","volume":"7","author":"MW Eysenck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1686-1514","article-title":"Timeo\u2013ergo sum: Ein evolutionsbiologischer Blick auf Angstst\u00f6rungen","volume":"23","author":"K Roesmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"PiD-Psychotherapie im Dialog"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615597332","article-title":"When threat is near, get out of here: Dynamics of defensive behavior during freezing and active avoidance","volume":"26","author":"A L\u00f6w","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological science"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2006.00403.x","article-title":"The antisaccade task as a research tool in psychopathology: a critical review","volume":"43","author":"SB Hutton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930903381531","article-title":"Anxiety impairs inhibitory control but not volitional action control","volume":"24","author":"TL Ansari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cognition and emotion"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00284","article-title":"Impaired Antisaccades in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Evidence From Meta-Analysis and a Large Empirical Study","volume":"9","author":"K Bey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2017.1301389","article-title":"Neuropsychological measurement of inhibitory control in posttraumatic stress disorder: An exploratory antisaccade paradigm","volume":"39","author":"M Reinhard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22818","article-title":"Food specific inhibitory control under negative mood in binge-eating disorder: Evidence from a multimethod approach","volume":"51","author":"EJ Leehr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref014","article-title":"The Eyes Have It: A Meta-analysis of Oculomotor Inhibition in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","author":"Y Chamorro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00724","article-title":"Transdiagnostic investigation of impulsivity in alcohol use disorder and binge eating disorder with eye-tracking methodology\u2014A pilot study","volume":"10","author":"K Schag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0205720","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205720","article-title":"Inhibitory attentional control in anxiety: Manipulating cognitive load in an antisaccade task","volume":"13","author":"J Basanovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1027\/1618-3169.56.1.48","article-title":"Anxiety, inhibition, efficiency, and effectiveness. An investigation using antisaccade task","volume":"56","author":"N Derakshan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.101754","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the relationship between anxiety and attentional control","volume":"72","author":"R Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034834","article-title":"A review of current evidence for the causal impact of attentional bias on fear and anxiety","volume":"140","author":"B van Bockstaele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological bulletin"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00653","article-title":"Behavioral and neural plasticity of ocular motor control: changes in performance and fMRI activity following antisaccade training","volume":"9","author":"SD Jamadar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in human neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-017-0371-3","article-title":"Effects of a food-specific inhibition training in individuals with binge eating disorder\u2014Findings from a randomized controlled proof-of-concept study","volume":"22","author":"KE Giel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.693","article-title":"Inter\u2010rater reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM\u2010IV Axis I disorders (SCID I) and Axis II disorders (SCID II)","volume":"18","author":"J Lobbestael","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical psychology & psychotherapy"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2008.04.002","article-title":"Development and initial validation of an abbreviated Spider Phobia Questionnaire using item response theory","volume":"40","author":"BO Olatunji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83296-8","article-title":"The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI","volume":"12","author":"Y Lecrubier","year":"1997","journal-title":"European psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior research methods"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref026","volume-title":"LimeSurvey: An Open Source survey tool.","author":"Limesurvey GmbH","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref027","article-title":"Eine deutschsprachige version des BIS\/BAS-Fragebogens von carver und white","author":"A Strobel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Differentielle und diagnostische Psychologie"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-986199","article-title":"Pers\u00f6nlichkeitsdiagnostik mit dem NEO-F\u00fcnf-Faktoren-Inventar: Die 30-Item-Kurzversion (NEO-FFI-30). [Personality assessment with the NEO-Five-Factor Inventory: the 30-Item-Short-Version (NEO-FFI-30)]","volume":"58","author":"A K\u00f6rner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164402062004005","article-title":"Reliability generalization of scores on the Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory","volume":"62","author":"LLB Barnes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Educational and psychological measurement"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref030","volume-title":"Angst ungleich ekel: der fragebogen zu ekel und angst vor spinnen:","author":"E Schaller","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref031","article-title":"Das Angstbew\u00e4ltigungs-Inventar (ABI)","author":"HW Krohne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Frankfurt am Main"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759.23.3.141","article-title":"The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire","volume":"23","author":"N Garnefski","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref033","article-title":"Deutsche Version der Positive and Negative Affect Schedule PANAS (GESIS Panel)","author":"B Breyer"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1026\/1616-3443.37.3.190","article-title":"Die Bedeutung von Unsicherheitsintoleranz f\u00fcr die Generalisierte Angstst\u00f6rung Modell\u00fcberlegungen und Entwicklung einer deutschen Version der Unsicherheitsintoleranz-Skala","volume":"37","author":"AL Gerlach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref035","author":"CJ Kemper","year":"2022","journal-title":"ASI-3-Angstsensitivit\u00e4tsindex-3"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000085","article-title":"The Need Inventory of Sensation Seeking (NISS)","volume":"28","author":"M Roth","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref037","first-page":"18","article-title":"Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and commitment therapy","volume":"61","author":"M. Rosenberg","year":"1965","journal-title":"Measures package"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/15294145.2003.10773410","article-title":"The affective neuroscience personality scales: Normative data and implications","volume":"5","author":"KL Davis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychoanalysis"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref039","first-page":"141","article-title":"SEE\u2013Skalen zum Erleben von Emotionen (SEE)","author":"M Behr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Medizinische Psychologie"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref040","volume-title":"Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest:","author":"S. Lehrl","year":"1999"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1026\/0084-5345.31.2.110","article-title":"Ein fragebogen zur erfassung der ekelempfindlichkeit (FEE)","volume":"31","author":"A Schienle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref042","first-page":"1","article-title":"Event-related potentials when identifying or color-naming threatening schematic stimuli in spider phobic and non-phobic individuals","volume":"6","author":"I-T Kolassa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bmc Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0064-1","article-title":"The Geneva affective picture database (GAPED): a new 730-picture database focusing on valence and normative significance","volume":"43","author":"ES Dan-Glauser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behavior research methods"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2013.02.007","article-title":"An internationally standardised antisaccade protocol","volume":"84","author":"C Antoniades","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00271.x","article-title":"Committee report: Guidelines for human startle eyeblink electromyographic studies","volume":"42","author":"TD Blumenthal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02344719","article-title":"Emotion recognition system using short-term monitoring of physiological signals","volume":"42","author":"KH Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medical and biological engineering and computing"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02420.x","article-title":"Fear and the startle reflex: Blink modulation and autonomic response patterns in animal and mutilation fearful subjects","volume":"34","author":"AO Hamm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1812","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1812","article-title":"Theranostic markers for personalized therapy of spider phobia: Methods of a bicentric external cross\u2010validation machine learning approach.","volume":"29","author":"H Schwarzmeier","year":"2020","journal-title":"International journal of methods in psychiatric research"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref049","unstructured":"Sjak-Shie EE. PhysioData Toolbox (Version 0.6.3); 2022."},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22353","article-title":"Updated meta\u2010analysis of classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders","volume":"32","author":"P Duits","year":"2015","journal-title":"Depression and anxiety"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref051","first-page":"221","article-title":"Behavioral and magnetoencephalographic correlates of fear generalization are associated with responses to later virtual reality exposure therapy in spider phobia.","volume":"7","author":"K Roesmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.12.009","article-title":"Factors influencing the success of exposure therapy for specific phobia: A systematic review.","volume":"108","author":"J Boehnlein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0292471.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1027\/2151-2604\/a000309","article-title":"Bridging the gaps between basic science and cognitive-behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders in routine care: Current status and future demands","volume":"225","author":"J Richter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychologie"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0292471","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T13:26:29Z","timestamp":1702992389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0292471"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Avanti","family":"Dey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0292471","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.09.22.23295977","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]}}}