{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:44:14Z","timestamp":1778762654134,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32172188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> can cause severe foodborne diseases. This study investigated the prevalence of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp. in fresh foods in Hangzhou market and their harborage of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, antibiotic susceptibility, and pathogenicity. A total of 500 samples (pork, n = 140; chicken, n = 128; vegetable, n = 232) were collected over a one-year period. <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> was found in 4.2% (21) of samples with the detection rate in pork, chicken and vegetables as 4.3% (6), 6.3% (8), and 3% (7), respectively. One <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> strain was recovered from each positive sample. The isolates were identified as six serotypes, of which <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis (n = 7) and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium (n = 6) were the most predominant serotypes. The majority of isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (85.7%) and\/or ciprofloxacin (71.4%). Tetracycline resistance genes showed the highest prevalence (90.5%). The occurrence of resistance genes for \u03b2-lactams (<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM-1<\/jats:sub>, 66.7%; and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>, 9.5%) and aminoglycosides (<jats:italic>aad<\/jats:italic>A1, 47.6%; <jats:italic>Aac(3)-Ia<\/jats:italic>, 19%) was higher than sulfonamides (<jats:italic>sul<\/jats:italic>1, 42.9%) and quinolones (<jats:italic>par<\/jats:italic>C, 38.1%). The virulence gene <jats:italic>fim<\/jats:italic>A was detected in 57.1% of isolates. Gene co-occurrence analysis implied that resistance genes were associated with virulence genes. Furthermore, selected <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium isolates (n = 4) carrying different resistance and virulence genes up-regulated the secretions of cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 by Caco-2 cells in different degrees, suggesting that virulence genes may play a role in inflammatory transcription. In <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> virulence test, microbiological counts in mouse feces and tissues showed that all included <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium were able to infect mice, with one strain showing significantly higher virulence than others. In conclusion, this study indicates <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> contamination in fresh foods in Hangzhou market poses a risk to public health and it should be closely monitored to prevent and control foodborne diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T17:45:18Z","timestamp":1697737518000},"page":"e0292621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Isolation, antimicrobial resistance and virulence characterization of Salmonella spp. from fresh foods in retail markets in Hangzhou, China"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dingting","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiankang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davood","family":"Zaeim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6416-603X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daofeng","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0292621.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-018-1895-2","article-title":"Recombinase 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