{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:05:50Z","timestamp":1792181150295,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Noakhali Science and Technology University- Research Cell","award":["NSTU\/RC-BG-06\/T-23\/32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTU\/RC-BG-06\/T-23\/32"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapidly increasing antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains in Bangladesh\u2019s food and farm animals stem from the excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics. To assess the prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria in poultry chicks, we sought to isolate and identify strains carrying antimicrobial resistance genes. Isolation and identification involved biochemical tests, <jats:italic>16S<\/jats:italic> rRNA sequencing, and PCR screening of species-specific genes. MDR patterns were evaluated using CLSI guidelines with seventeen antibiotics across twelve classes. Targeted gene sequences were amplified for the detection of Extended-spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase (ESBL), carbapenem, tetracycline, sulfonamide, and colistin resistance genes. Common isolates, such as <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Proteus penneri<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Enterobacter hormaechei<\/jats:italic>, exhibited average Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance (MAR) indices of 0.66, 0.76, 0.8, 0.84, and 0.81, 0.76, 0.84, 0.41 for broiler and layer chicken, respectively. <jats:italic>Providencia stuartii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>, exclusive to broiler samples, had MAR indices of 0.82 and 0.84, respectively. Additional isolates <jats:italic>Morganella morganii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Aeromonas<\/jats:italic> spp., and <jats:italic>Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica<\/jats:italic> were found in layers (Average MAR indices: 0.73, 0.71, and 0.91). Notably, <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>morganii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>hormaechei and W<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>chitiniclastica<\/jats:italic> were identified for the first time in Bangladeshi poultry chicken, although their evolution is yet to be understood. In this study, Pan-drug resistance was observed in one <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>stuartii<\/jats:italic> (broiler) and one <jats:italic>Aeromonas<\/jats:italic> spp. (layer) with a MAR index 1, while all isolates exhibited MAR indices &gt;0.2, indicating MDR. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene screening identified <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>TEM, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>SHV, <jats:italic>tetA<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic> in a majority of the MDR strains. Interestingly, <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> (lactose positive and negative) and <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>hormaechei<\/jats:italic> were exclusively found to possess the <jats:italic>tetB<\/jats:italic> gene. In addition, <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> (lactose negative), <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Enterobacter hormaechei<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>morganii<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>stuartii<\/jats:italic> were observed to carry the colistin-resistant <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic> gene, whereas <jats:italic>sul2<\/jats:italic> was detected in <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> (lactose positive and negative), <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>hormaechei<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>stuartii<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>penneri<\/jats:italic>. These findings emphasize the health risk of our consumers of both broiler and layer chickens as they have turned into a potent reservoir of various AMR gene carrying MDR and Pan-drug resistant bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T17:58:52Z","timestamp":1722535132000},"page":"e0292638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria isolated from poultry in the Noakhali region of Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Md. Adnan","family":"Munim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuvo Chandra","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Murad","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ithmam","family":"Hami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mridul Gope","family":"Topu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3236-519X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shipan Das","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0292638.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01073.x","article-title":"Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in wastewater, surface water, and drinking water biofilms","volume":"43","author":"T Schwartz","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS microbiology ecology"},{"key":"pone.0292638.ref002","first-page":"21","article-title":"Untreated liquid hospital waste: potential source of multidrug resistant bacteria.","author":"MK Siddiqui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0292638.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7449","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01556-16","article-title":"Occurrences and characterization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genetic determinants of hospital wastewater in a tropical country","volume":"60","author":"T-H Le","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0292638.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-010-0042-9","article-title":"Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of coliforms to identify high risk contamination sites in aquatic environment","volume":"50","author":"M Chitanand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Microbiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0292638.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9120918","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals from 2017 to 2030.","volume":"9","author":"K Tiseo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0292638.ref006","first-page":"28","article-title":"Antibiotics use and resistance patterns of Salmonella species in poultry from Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"29","author":"O. 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