{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:17:13Z","timestamp":1790738233565,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010846","name":"Health and Family Planning Commission of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WJ2021M218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WJ2021M218"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010846","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis is considered a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder that may cause joint destruction. Triptolide, an active component isolated from<jats:italic>Tripterygium wilfordii<\/jats:italic>Hook.f., is considered to have promising potential for clinical use in treating rheumatoid arthritis. However, its clinical application has been limited by the narrow therapeutic window, side effects associated with plasma drug fluctuations, low oral bioavailability, and poor patient compliance with the long and frequent dosing regimen. An extended drug release preparation may address these limitations. The aim of this work was therefore to develop, formulate and optimize sustained release triptolide microspheres with poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). Triptolide-loaded microspheres were prepared using PLGA as the matrix polymer, dichloromethane as the oil phase, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the matrix forming emulsifier. An oil-in-water (O\/W) emulsion solvent evaporation technique was utilized to prepare the microspheres. Surface response methodology (RSM) coupled with central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the formulation and a total of twenty formulations were prepared. PVA concentration (X<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>), PLGA concentration (X<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), and theoretical drug content (X<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) were selected as independent variables; and drug content (Y<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>), encapsulation efficiency (Y<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), mean diameter (Y<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) and the initial release during the first day (Y<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) were taken as the response variables. The optimized formulation showed mean diameter of 42.36 \u03bcm, drug content of 7.96%, encapsulation efficiency of 80.16% and an initial release of 14.48%. The prepared microspheres exhibited a sustained release profile of triptolide<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>over 4 weeks, which was wellfitted with a Korsmeyer-Peppas equation. However, the initial drug release (~14%) of triptolide-loaded microspheres was very high and should be specifically investigated in future studies. The results indicate that long-term sustained release microspheres of triptolide can be considered a strategy to overcome the low bioavailability and poor patient compliance with conventional triptolide tablets. The issue of initial burst release and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>evaluations should be specifically investigated in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T17:48:10Z","timestamp":1697737690000},"page":"e0292861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Development and optimization of sustained release triptolide 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