{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T20:53:46Z","timestamp":1783112026954,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009168","name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-7488-1290-CA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-7488-1290-CA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"US Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DE-EM0004391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-EM0004391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009168","name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-7488-1290-CA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-7488-1290-CA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009168","name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-7488-1290-CA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-7488-1290-CA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009168","name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-7488-1290-CA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-7488-1290-CA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009168","name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-7488-1290-CA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-7488-1290-CA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The movement ecology of raccoons varies widely across habitats with important implications for the management of zoonotic diseases such as rabies. However, the spatial ecology of raccoons remains poorly understood in many regions of the United States, particularly in the southeast. To better understand the spatial ecology of raccoons in the southeastern US, we investigated the role of sex, season, and habitat on monthly raccoon home range and core area sizes in three common rural habitats (bottomland hardwood, upland pine, and riparian forest) in South Carolina, USA. From 2018\u20132022, we obtained 264 monthly home ranges from 46 raccoons. Mean monthly 95% utilization distribution (UD) sizes ranged from 1.05 \u00b1 0.48 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (breeding bottomland females) to 5.69 \u00b1 3.37 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (fall riparian males) and mean monthly 60% UD sizes ranged from 0.25 \u00b1 0.15 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (breeding bottomland females) to 1.59 \u00b1 1.02 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (summer riparian males). Males maintained home range and core areas ~2\u20135 times larger than females in upland pine and riparian habitat throughout the year, whereas those of bottomland males were only larger than females during the breeding season. Home ranges and core areas of females did not vary across habitats, whereas male raccoons had home ranges and core areas ~2\u20133 times larger in upland pine and riparian compared to bottomland hardwood throughout much of the year. The home ranges of males in upland pine and riparian are among the largest recorded for raccoons in the United States. Such large and variable home ranges likely contribute to elevated risk of zoonotic disease spread by males in these habitats. These results can be used to inform disease mitigation strategies in the southeastern United States.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T18:32:26Z","timestamp":1699554746000},"page":"e0293133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Raccoon spatial ecology in the rural southeastern United States"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2761-8786","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jacob E.","family":"Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0478-950X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Madison L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Helton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Chipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy T.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Beasley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guha","family":"Dharmarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7271-9805","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olin E.","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293133.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-012-0209-y","article-title":"The multiple burdens of zoonotic disease and an ecohealth approach to their assessment.","volume":"44","author":"D Grace","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0293133.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12917","article-title":"Going through the motions: incorporating movement analyses into disease research.","volume":"21","author":"ER Dougherty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0293133.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2020.10.018","article-title":"Emerging perspectives on resource tracking and animal movement ecology","volume":"36","author":"B Abrahms","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293133.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005249","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005249","article-title":"Management and modeling approaches for controlling raccoon rabies: The road to elimination.","volume":"11","author":"SA Elmore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plos Neglect Trop D"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293133.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.03.012","article-title":"Status of oral rabies vaccination in wild carnivores in the United States","volume":"111","author":"D Slate","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"pone.0293133.ref006","first-page":"439","article-title":"Attaining raccoon rabies management goals: history and challenges.","volume":"131","author":"D Slate","year":"2008","journal-title":"Developments in biologicals."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293133.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.2193\/2006-022","article-title":"Home\u2010range attributes of raccoons in a fragmented agricultural region of northern Indiana","volume":"71","author":"JC Beasley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Wildl Manage"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0293133.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1674\/0003-0031-166.2.426","article-title":"Seasonal space use and habitat selection of adult raccoons (Procyon lotor) in a Louisiana bottomland hardwood forest.","volume":"166","author":"ME Byrne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Midl Nat"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293133.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12027","article-title":"Changes in home range sizes and population densities of carnivore species along the natural to urban habitat gradient.","volume":"45","author":"M \u0160\u00e1lek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mamm Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293133.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"juaa014","DOI":"10.1093\/jue\/juaa014","article-title":"Changes in the home range sizes of terrestrial vertebrates in response to urban disturbance: a meta-analysis.","volume":"6","author":"K O\u2019Donnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Ecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0293133.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES14-00274.1","article-title":"Melding kin structure and demography to elucidate source and sink habitats in fragmented landscapes","volume":"6","author":"J Beasley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293133.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114034","article-title":"Approaches to the study of territory size and shape","volume":"32","author":"ES Adams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293133.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1644\/08-MAMM-A-201R2.1","article-title":"Density, movements, and survival of raccoons in Ontario, Canada: implications for disease spread and management","volume":"91","author":"R Rosatte","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0293133.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES14-00197.1","article-title":"Density\u2010dependent functional responses in habitat selection by two hosts of the raccoon rabies virus variant.","volume":"5","author":"O Tardy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecosphere."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0293133.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1139\/Z09-137","article-title":"Influence of patch-and landscape-level attributes on the movement behavior of raccoons in agriculturally fragmented landscapes","volume":"88","author":"J Beasley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"pone.0293133.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2568","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2568","article-title":"Accounting for animal movement improves vaccination strategies against wildlife disease in heterogeneous landscapes.","author":"KM McClure","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol Appl."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0293133.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13176","article-title":"Variation in host home range size decreases rabies vaccination effectiveness by increasing the spatial spread of rabies virus","volume":"89","author":"KM McClure","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0293133.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12101","article-title":"Modelling the effect of landscape heterogeneity on the efficacy of vaccination for wildlife infectious disease control","volume":"50","author":"EE Rees","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293133.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2008.01.002","article-title":"Raccoon ecology database: a resource for population dynamics modelling and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"EE Rees","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecological Informatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293133.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0113206","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113206","article-title":"A behaviorally-explicit approach for delivering vaccine baits to mesopredators to control epizootics in fragmented landscapes","volume":"10","author":"JC Beasley","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0293133.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2022.110207","article-title":"Rabies transmission in the Arctic: An agent-based model reveals the effects of broad-scale movement strategies on contact risk between Arctic foxes.","volume":"476","author":"O Tardy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol Model"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0293133.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020323","article-title":"Modeling mongoose rabies in the caribbean: A model-guided fieldwork approach to identify research priorities.","volume":"13","author":"CC Sauv\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pone.0293133.ref023","first-page":"272","article-title":"Demography and habitat relationships of raccoons in western Tennessee.","volume":"42","author":"PL Leberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies"},{"key":"pone.0293133.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2307\/3802775","article-title":"Space use and multi-scale habitat selection of adult raccoons in central Mississippi","volume":"67","author":"MJ Chamberlain","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Wildl Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293133.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1674\/0003-0031-174.1.87","article-title":"Raccoon spatial requirements and multi-scale habitat selection within an intensively managed central Appalachian forest","volume":"174","author":"SF Owen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am Midl Nat"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293133.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.2307\/1382952","article-title":"Sexual differences in home ranges of raccoons","volume":"78","author":"SD Gehrt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293133.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1674\/0003-0031(2002)147[0102:SHSBRP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Seasonal habitat selection by raccoons (Procyon lotor) in intensively managed pine forests of central Mississippi.","volume":"147","author":"MJ Chamberlain","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am Midl Nat"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0293133.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.379","article-title":"A comparison of methods for estimating raccoon abundance: implications for disease vaccination programs","volume":"76","author":"JC Beasley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Wildl Manage"},{"key":"pone.0293133.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.2307\/4373","article-title":"Identifying areas of concentrated use within the home range","author":"MD Samuel","year":"1985","journal-title":"The Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"key":"pone.0293133.ref030","first-page":"8","article-title":"The Savannah River Site: site description, land use, and management history","volume":"21","author":"DL White","year":"2000","journal-title":"Studies in Avian Biology"},{"key":"pone.0293133.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.09.006","article-title":"A new generation of the United States National Land Cover Database: Requirements, research priorities, design, and implementation strategies","volume":"146","author":"L Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"pone.0293133.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143982","article-title":"The utility of spatial data to delineate river riparian functions and management zones: A review","volume":"757","author":"M Stutter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0293133.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13578","article-title":"Co\u2010occurrence of antibiotic, biocide, and heavy metal resistance genes in bacteria from metal and radionuclide contaminated soils at the Savannah River Site","volume":"13","author":"JC Thomas IV","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbial Biotechnology"},{"key":"pone.0293133.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.2307\/1447073","article-title":"Life history of the Savannah darter, Etheostoma fricksium, in the Savannah River drainage","author":"SR Layman","year":"1993","journal-title":"South Carolina. Copeia"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0293133.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22480","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.22480","article-title":"Raccoon densities across four rural habitats in the Southeastern United States","volume":"87","author":"J Hill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Wildilfe Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0293133.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.1011","article-title":"Influence of lure choice and survey duration on scent stations for carnivore surveys.","volume":"43","author":"SC Webster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wildl Soc Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0293133.ref037","first-page":"1405","article-title":"Use of rhodamine B to reveal patterns of interspecific competition and bait acceptance in raccoons","volume":"74","author":"TJ Smyser","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Wildl Manage"},{"key":"pone.0293133.ref038","first-page":"833","article-title":"Drug effects on recaptures of raccoons.","volume":"29","author":"SD Gehrt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wildl Soc Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0293133.ref039","first-page":"248","article-title":"Relationship between raccoon abundance and crop damage.","volume":"2","author":"JC Beasley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Human-Wildlife Conflicts"},{"key":"pone.0293133.ref040","first-page":"409","volume-title":"Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for mammals","author":"DE Wilson","year":"1996"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293133.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyw078","article-title":"Mammalogists UCotASo. 2016 Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research and education","volume":"97","author":"RS Sikes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293133.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37323-6","article-title":"Spatial ecology of translocated raccoons","volume":"13","author":"JE Hill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0293133.ref043","author":"B Kranstauber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Package \u2018move\u2019"},{"key":"pone.0293133.ref044","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0293133.ref045","first-page":"488","volume-title":"Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretical approach","author":"KP Burnham","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293133.ref046","first-page":"3","article-title":"Emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means.","volume":"1","author":"R Lenth","year":"2018","journal-title":"R package version."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293133.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-011-0218-z","article-title":"Raccoon use of the urban matrix in the Baltimore Metropolitan Area, Maryland.","volume":"15","author":"J Gross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst."},{"key":"pone.0293133.ref048","volume-title":"Impacts of flooding regime modification on wildlife habitats of bottomland hardwood forests in the lower Mississippi Valley","author":"C Klimas","year":"1981"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0293133.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.21869","article-title":"Rabies management implications based on raccoon population density indexes","volume":"84","author":"D Slate","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Wildl Manage"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0293133.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-007-0033-8","article-title":"The influence of anthropogenic resources on multi-scale habitat selection by raccoons.","volume":"10","author":"CK Bozek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293133.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6924","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86363-3","article-title":"Behavioral state resource selection in invasive wild pigs in the Southeastern United States.","volume":"11","author":"LM Clontz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0293133.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-011-9619-x","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation in the demographic attributes of a generalist mesopredator.","volume":"26","author":"JC Beasley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landscape Ecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0293133.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22280","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.22280","article-title":"Influence of landscape attributes on Virginia opossum density","volume":"86","author":"DA Bernasconi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Wildl Manage"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0293133.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1644\/103","article-title":"Niche shift by Virginia opossum following reduction of a putative competitor, the raccoon","volume":"84","author":"SM Ginger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0293133.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.423","article-title":"Are raccoons limited by the availability of breeding resources? Evidence of variability in fecundity at fine spatial scales","volume":"76","author":"JC Beasley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Wildl Manage"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0293133.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1139\/z11-085","article-title":"Landscape composition and structure influence the abundance of mesopredators: implications for the control of the raccoon (Procyon lotor) variant of rabies.","volume":"89","author":"M Houle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0293133.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111006","article-title":"Rabies surveillance identifies potential risk corridors and enables management evaluation.","volume":"11","author":"AJ Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0293133.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2010.05.006","article-title":"The geographical distribution of plantation forests and land resources potentially available for pine plantations in the US South","volume":"34","author":"D Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0293133","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T18:33:05Z","timestamp":1699554785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0293133"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tim A.","family":"Mousseau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0293133","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]}}}