{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T21:04:16Z","timestamp":1773263056180,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCHU2499\/8-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHU2499\/8-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Large animal models are frequently used to investigate new medical approaches. In most cases, animals are kept under general anesthesia and mandatory mechanical ventilation during the experiments. However, in some situations assisted spontaneous breathing is essential, e.g. when simulating conditions in a modern intensive care unit. Therefore, we established an anesthesia regime with dexmedetomidine and midazolam\/ketamine in porcine models of assisted spontaneous breathing. The total intravenous anesthesia was used in lung healthy pigs, in pigs with oleic acid induced acute respiratory distress syndrome and in pigs with methacholine induced bronchopulmonary obstruction. We were able to maintain stable conditions of assisted spontaneous breathing without impairment of hemodynamic, respiratory or blood gas variables in lung healthy pigs and pigs with induced acute respiratory distress syndrome for a period of five hours and in pigs with induced bronchopulmonary obstruction for three hours. Total intravenous anesthesia containing dexmedetomidine enables stable conditions of assisted spontaneous breathing in healthy pigs, in pigs with induced acute respiratory distress syndrome and in pigs induced bronchopulmonary obstruction as models of intensive care unit conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T17:36:00Z","timestamp":1697650560000},"page":"e0293215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Establishment and validation of intravenous anesthesia with dexmedetomidine for pigs under assisted spontaneous breathing: A preclinical model of intensive care conditions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8910-9904","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christin","family":"Wenzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3585-3682","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sashko G.","family":"Spassov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Haberstroh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Spaeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Schumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0293215.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000819","article-title":"Improved lung recruitment and oxygenation during mandatory ventilation with a new expiratory ventilation assistance device: A controlled interventional trial in healthy pigs","volume":"35","author":"J Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293215.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e241","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004209","article-title":"Flow-Controlled Ventilation Attenuates Lung Injury in a Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Preclinical Randomized Controlled Study.","volume":"48","author":"J Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293215.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeu058","article-title":"Flow-controlled expiration: a novel ventilation mode to attenuate experimental porcine lung injury","volume":"113","author":"U Goebel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293215.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0453TR","article-title":"Anatomy and bronchoscopy of the porcine lung. 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Cardiovascular stability and analgesia during propofol-ketamine total intravenous anaesthesia in experimental pigs.","volume":"45","author":"A Lervik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293215.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-020-0512-y","article-title":"A comparison of respiratory function in pigs anaesthetised by propofol or alfaxalone in combination with dexmedetomidine and ketamine","volume":"62","author":"A Lervik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0293215.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.953","article-title":"Long duration anaesthesia in pigs with an infusion of alfaxalone and dexmedetomidine","volume":"8","author":"I Kat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"621","key":"pone.0293215.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd5758","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd5758","article-title":"Importance of the pig as a human biomedical model.","volume":"13","author":"JK Lunney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"pone.0293215.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00293","article-title":"Efficacy of the porcine species in biomedical research","volume":"6","author":"K Gutierrez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0293215.ref015","article-title":"Physiological and Clinical Responses in Pigs in Relation to Plasma Concentrations during Anesthesia with Dexmedetomidine, Tiletamine, Zolazepam, and Butorphanol.","volume":"11","author":"A Ryden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0293215.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-17-000164","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary Effects of a Partial Intravenous Anesthesia Technique for Laboratory Swine","volume":"57","author":"JD Duval","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293215.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-019-0517-8","article-title":"Does volatile sedation with sevoflurane allow spontaneous breathing during prolonged prone positioning in intubated ARDS patients? 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