{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T18:39:10Z","timestamp":1789670350384,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG058615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG058615"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Aging elicits numerous effects that impact both musculoskeletal structure and walking function. Tendon stiffness (k\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and push-off propulsive force (F\n                    <jats:sub>P<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) both impact the metabolic cost of walking and are diminished by age, yet their interaction has not been studied. We combined experimental and computational approaches to investigate whether age-related changes in function (adopting smaller F\n                    <jats:sub>P<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) may be adopted to mitigate the metabolic consequences arising from changes in structure (reduced k\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). We recruited 12 young adults and asked them to walk on a force-sensing treadmill while prompting them to change F\n                    <jats:sub>P<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\u00b120% &amp; \u00b140% of typical) using targeted biofeedback. In models driven by experimental data from each of those conditions, we altered the k\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    of personalized musculoskeletal models across a physiological range (2\u20138% strain) and simulated individual-muscle metabolic costs for each k\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    and F\n                    <jats:sub>P<\/jats:sub>\n                    combination. We found that k\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    and F\n                    <jats:sub>P<\/jats:sub>\n                    independently affect walking metabolic cost, increasing with higher k\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    or as participants deviated from their typical F\n                    <jats:sub>P<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Our results show no evidence for an interaction between k\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    and F\n                    <jats:sub>P<\/jats:sub>\n                    in younger adults walking at fixed speeds. We also reveal complex individual muscle responses to the k\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    and F\n                    <jats:sub>P<\/jats:sub>\n                    landscape. For example, although total metabolic cost increased by 5% on average with combined reductions in k\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    and F\n                    <jats:sub>P<\/jats:sub>\n                    , the triceps surae muscles experienced a 7% local cost reduction on average. Our simulations suggest that reducing F\n                    <jats:sub>P<\/jats:sub>\n                    during walking would not mitigate the metabolic consequences of lower k\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Wearable devices and rehabilitative strategies can focus on either k\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    or F\n                    <jats:sub>P<\/jats:sub>\n                    to reduce age-related increases in walking metabolic cost.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T13:29:06Z","timestamp":1698326946000},"page":"e0293331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Simulations suggest walking with reduced propulsive force would not mitigate the energetic consequences of lower tendon stiffness"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Sawicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9523-9708","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason R.","family":"Franz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0293331.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00583.2006","article-title":"Individual limb work does not explain the greater metabolic cost of walking in elderly adults","volume":"102","author":"J. 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