{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:51:06Z","timestamp":1789019466232,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Back pain in athletes varies with sport, age, and sex, which can impair athletic performance, thereby contributing to retirement. Studies on back pain in this population use questionnaires to assess components, such as pain intensity and location and factors associated with pain, among others. This study aimed to review validated questionnaires that have assessed back pain in athletes. This systematic review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) by searching the databases Embase, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Scopus. The articles were selected regardless of language and date of publication. Titles and abstracts were independently selected by two reviewers; disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. All the steps were conducted using the software Rayyan. The methodological quality of the questionnaire validation articles was assessed using a critical appraisal tool checklist proposed by Brink and Louw. The search returned 4748 articles, of which 60 were selected for this review, including 5 questionnaire validation studies. These articles were published between 2004 and 2022, which were performed in more than 20 countries, particularly Germany (14) and Sweden (5). Thirteen different instruments were identified, of which 46.1% were developed in Europe. The most commonly used questionnaires were the Oswestry Disability Index and Nordic Standardized Questionnaire. In addition, five questionnaire validation studies were selected for methodological quality assessment, with only two studies demonstrating high methodological quality. The following three instruments were identified for assessing back pain specifically in athletes: Micheli Functional Scale, Persian Functional Rating Index, and Athlete Disability Index. This review confirmed that all three instruments were specifically designed to assess this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T17:32:58Z","timestamp":1699032778000},"page":"e0293333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Instruments for assessing back pain in athletes: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Vinicius Diniz","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9829-0020","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Regina M\u00e1rcia","family":"Ferreira Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia Cristina","family":"de Carvalho Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele da Silva Valad\u00e3o","family":"Fernades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Mi\u00f1ana-Signes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3181-2170","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manuel","family":"Monfort-Pa\u00f1ego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3715-1956","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Priscilla Rayanne E.","family":"Silva Noll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matias","family":"Noll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0293333.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939","article-title":"The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises","volume":"161","author":"SN Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0293333.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-0462\/;2019;37;4;00001","article-title":"Proposal and test-retest reliability of a scale for cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine pain in brazilian young people","volume":"37","author":"GAd Arruda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Revista Paulista de Pediatria"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293333.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-017-4545-3","article-title":"Disc degeneration on MRI is more prevalent in young elite skiers compared to controls","volume":"26","author":"WA Witwit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293333.ref004","first-page":"1","article-title":"therapies m. 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