{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T02:52:37Z","timestamp":1783479157140,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009053","name":"The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IA\/CPHS\/20\/1\/505278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/CPHS\/20\/1\/505278"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\nBackground<\/jats:title>\nUnderstanding psychosocial environment is important for improving maternal and fetal health outcomes during pregnancy. We aimed to identify the association between gestational blood glucose levels and psychosocial and demographic factors in pregnant women.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nIn the MAASTHI pregnancy cohort in Bengaluru, we assessed depressive symptoms, and social support using validated scales at baseline in first trimester. A 2-hour 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was administered between 24\u201336 weeks of gestation. We examined the relation between psychosocial factors assessed at baseline and gestational blood glucose levels in second\/third trimester using multivariate linear regression and explored association between serum cortisol and gestational blood glucose levels in subgroup samples.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nWe found that 9% of pregnant women had depressive symptoms and 14.3% had Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). Psychosocial factors, including depressive symptoms, have a significant correlation with gestational fasting(\u03b2 = 0.12, p-value<0.05) and postprandial blood sugar level(\u03b2 = 0.23, p-value<0.05) and poor social support were found to have a significant association with gestational fasting blood glucose levels(\u03b2 = 1.45, p-value <0.05) and postprandial blood sugar levels(\u03b2 = 2.60, p-value <0.05). The sociodemographic factors such as respondent education, occupation, social and economic status were associated with gestational blood sugar after adjusting for potential confounder variables.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusion<\/jats:title>\nDepressive symptoms and poor social support earlier in pregnancy were significantly associated with increased gestational blood glucose levels. Early detection and recognition of modifiable psychosocial risk factors can reduce glucose intolerance during pregnancy. Evaluating the benefits of screening for psychosocial factors and timely management of gestational diabetes mellitus can be helpful in India.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T17:49:55Z","timestamp":1698342595000},"page":"e0293414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Psychosocial and sociodemographic factors associated with gestational blood glucose levels in women attending public hospitals: Results from baseline of MAASTHI cohort"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7473-5024","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Prafulla","family":"Shriyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinidhi","family":"Koya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0621-9295","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eunice","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onno CP","family":"van Schayck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4370-8933","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giridhara R.","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0293414.ref001","author":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Diabetes Federation"},{"key":"pone.0293414.ref002","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","author":"KL Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0293414.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes.","volume":"358","author":"Group THSCR","year":"2008","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0293414.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1112","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study: associations with neonatal anthropometrics.","volume":"58","author":"HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group THSCR","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"pone.0293414.ref005","first-page":"1067","article-title":"Do gestational obesity and gestational diabetes have an independent effect on neonatal adiposity?","volume":"11","author":"GR Babu","year":"2019","journal-title":"results of mediation analysis from a cohort study in South India."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0293414.ref006","first-page":"865","article-title":"Developmental origins of diabetes\u2014an Indian perspective.","volume":"71","author":"GV Krishnaveni","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293414.ref007","first-page":"113","article-title":"The obesity-diabetes association: what is different in Indians?","volume":"9","author":"C Yajnik","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293414.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5455\/2320-1770.ijrcog20140344","article-title":"Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus, its associated risk factors and pregnancy outcomes at a rural setup in Central India.","volume":"3","author":"KR Kalyani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293414.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.293.3629","article-title":"Socio-demographic risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"29","author":"R Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pakistan journal of medical sciences"},{"key":"pone.0293414.ref010","unstructured":"Meena K, Meena KK, Meena KL, Gaur KL, Verma MC, Kashyap A. Bio-Socio-demographic Risk factors of Gestational Diabetes: A Case Control Study."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0293414.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20192303","article-title":"The socio-demographic determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus among postnatal women from Palakkad district, Kerala: comparative study.","volume":"6","author":"SV Ennazhiyil","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0293414.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1038","article-title":"Sociodemographic correlates of the increasing trend in prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in a large population of women between 1995 and 2005","volume":"31","author":"V Anna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes care"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293414.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12197","article-title":"Stress exposure and psychological stress responses are related to glucose concentrations during pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"A Horsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"British journal of health psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0293414.ref014","first-page":"130","article-title":"Biological and Psychological Stress Correlates Are Linked to Glucose Metabolism, Obesity, and Gender Roles in Women.","volume":"112","author":"A Kautzky","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0293414.ref015","first-page":"466","article-title":"Perceived psychosocial stress and glucose intolerance among pregnant Hispanic women.","volume":"40","author":"M Silveira","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0293414.ref016","first-page":"2012","article-title":"Vicennati VJJon, metabolismGlucocorticoids and type 2 diabetes: from physiology to pathology.","author":"G Di Dalmazi","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293414.ref017","first-page":"147","article-title":"Women\u2019s experience with peer counselling and social support during a lifestyle intervention among women with a previous gestational diabetes pregnancy.","volume":"7","author":"MS Ingstrup","year":"2019"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0293414.ref018","first-page":"e013228","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and later-life depression: perceived social support as a potential protective factor.","volume":"7","author":"E Von Cheong","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293414.ref019","first-page":"156","article-title":"Comparison of pregnancy self-care, perceived social support and perceived stress of women with gestational diabetes and healthy pregnant women.","volume":"16","author":"M Dolatian","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0293414.ref020","first-page":"26","article-title":"Psychological stress associated with diabetes during pregnancy: a pilot study.","volume":"105","author":"K Lydon","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0293414.ref021","first-page":"132","volume":"120","author":"S Mizuno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Association between social capital and the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: an interim report of the Japan environment and children\u2019s study"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293414.ref022","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"GR Babu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Maternal antecedents of adiposity and studying the transgenerational role of hyperglycemia and insulin (MAASTHI): a prospective cohort study."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0293414.ref023","first-page":"e063794","volume":"12","author":"E Lobo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cohort profile: maternal antecedents of adiposity and studying the transgenerational role of hyperglycaemia and insulin (MAASTHI)."},{"key":"pone.0293414.ref024","first-page":"1","author":"GR Babu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Effect of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy on adiposity in their infants in India: a protocol of a multicentre cohort study"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293414.ref025","first-page":"209","volume":"14","author":"MC Fernandes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Assessing prenatal depression in the rural developing world: a comparison of two screening measures."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293414.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-79","article-title":"Rationale and design of South Asian birth cohort (START): a Canada-India collaborative study.","volume":"13","author":"SS Anand","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0293414.ref027","unstructured":"Geneva S, Organization WH. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Vitamin and mineral nutrition information system. Document reference WHO. NMH\/NHD\/MNM\/11.1. http:\/\/www.who.int\/entity\/vmnis\/indicators\/haemoglobin; 2011."},{"key":"pone.0293414.ref028","volume-title":"Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy","author":"WH Organization","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293414.ref029","first-page":"279","article-title":"Gestational diabetes in Iran: incidence, risk factors and pregnancy outcomes.","volume":"69","author":"M Keshavarz","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0293414.ref030","first-page":"689","volume":"71","author":"P Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Risk factors and management of gestational diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293414.ref031","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"MK Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lee S-HJSR. Prepregnancy smoking and the risk of gestational diabetes requiring insulin therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0293414.ref032","first-page":"718","volume":"59","author":"F Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analysis of risk factors related to gestational diabetes mellitus"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0293414.ref033","first-page":"1991","article-title":"Dyer A R HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group et al.","volume":"358","author":"B Metzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0293414.ref034","first-page":"e73486","volume":"8","author":"HI Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diet and carbohydrate food knowledge of multi-ethnic women: a comparative analysis of pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus"},{"key":"pone.0293414.ref035","first-page":"2021","author":"H OuYang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wu NJJoDR. Associations between gestational diabetes and anxiety or depression: a systematic review"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0293414.ref036","first-page":"246","volume":"44","author":"M Byrn","year":"2015","journal-title":"The relationship between gestational diabetes and antenatal depression"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0293414.ref037","first-page":"721","article-title":"Diabetes in pregnancy: worse medical outcomes in type 1 diabetes but worse psychological outcomes in gestational diabetes.","volume":"110","author":"AM Egan","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293414.ref038","first-page":"21","volume":"37","author":"C Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gynecology. First trimester depression scores predict development of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant rural Appalachian women"},{"key":"pone.0293414.ref039","first-page":"46","volume":"9","author":"R. Dantzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293414.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.11.006","article-title":"Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression","volume":"27","author":"CL Raison","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in immunology"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pone.0293414.ref041","first-page":"247","volume":"25","author":"R Glazier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gynecology. Stress, social support, and emotional distress in a community sample of pregnant women"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293414.ref042","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"SS Anand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rationale and design of South Asian birth cohort (START): a Canada-India collaborative study."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0293414.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.13.4.441","article-title":"Impact of social support and stress on compliance in women with gestational diabetes","volume":"13","author":"L Ruggiero","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293414.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-41","article-title":"From screening to postpartum follow-up\u2013the determinants and barriers for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) services, a systematic review.","volume":"14","author":"KK Nielsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC pregnancy and childbirth."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293414.ref045","first-page":"454","volume":"24","author":"M Persson","year":"2010","journal-title":"From stun to gradual balance\u2019\u2013women\u2019s experiences of living with gestational diabetes mellitus"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293414.ref046","first-page":"239","article-title":"Selander JJSjow, environment, health","volume":"48","author":"C Liss\u00e5ker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Occupational stress and pregnancy-related hypertension and diabetes: Results from a nationwide prospective cohort"},{"key":"pone.0293414.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.08.023","article-title":"Indicators of socio-economic status and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women in urban Tianjin, China","volume":"144","author":"J Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0293414.ref048","first-page":"728","article-title":"Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus & associated risk factors at a tertiary care hospital in Haryana.","volume":"137","author":"R Rajput","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0293414.ref049","article-title":"Current screening and management practices for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Public Hospitals 2 of South India.","author":"YA Giridhara R Babu","year":"2021"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317157","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0293414","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T17:50:25Z","timestamp":1698342625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0293414"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pracheth","family":"Raghuveer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0293414","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317157","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]}}}