{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:34:51Z","timestamp":1789666491626,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"California Prison Receivership Office"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Residents of carceral facilities are exposed to poor ventilation conditions which leads to the spread of communicable diseases such as COVID-19. Indoor ventilation conditions are rarely studied within carceral settings and there remains limited capacity to develop solutions to address the impact of poor ventilation on the health of people who are incarcerated. In this study, we empirically measured ventilation rates within housing units of six adult prisons in the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) and compare the measured ventilation rates to recommended standards issued by the World Health Organization (WHO). Findings from the empirical assessment include lower ventilation rates than the recommended ventilation standards with particularly low ventilation during winter months when heating systems were in use. Inadvertent airflows from spaces housing potentially infected individuals to shared common spaces was also observed. The methodology used for this work can be leveraged for routine ventilation monitoring, pandemic preparedness, and disaster response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T13:26:42Z","timestamp":1699363602000},"page":"e0293533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ventilation conditions during COVID-19 outbreaks in six California state carceral institutions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8574-9456","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rachel","family":"Sklar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Noth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4889-9433","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ada","family":"Kwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3854-6482","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Sears","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Bertozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0293533.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12528","article-title":"COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in Federal and State Prisons","volume":"324","author":"B Saloner","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0293533.ref002","article-title":"Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses","volume":"373","author":"CC Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0293533.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105832","article-title":"How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?","volume":"142","author":"L Morawska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int."},{"key":"pone.0293533.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.090662","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic medical conditions among jail and prison inmates in the USA compared with the general population.","volume":"63","author":"IA Binswanger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health."},{"key":"pone.0293533.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11077-0","article-title":"Risk of COVID-19 infection among prison staff in the United States.","volume":"21","author":"KM Nowotny","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"pone.0293533.ref006","article-title":"Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1","author":"N van Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0293533.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105794","article-title":"Estimation of airborne viral emission: Quanta emission rate of SARS-CoV-2 for infection risk assessment.","volume":"141","author":"G Buonanno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environment International."},{"key":"pone.0293533.ref008","author":"J Macomber","journal-title":"Master Plan Annual Report"},{"key":"pone.0293533.ref009","article-title":"E741-11(2017).","author":"ASTM","year":"2017","journal-title":"Standard Test Method for Determining Air Change in a Single Zone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution"},{"key":"pone.0293533.ref010","article-title":"D6245-07.","author":"ASTM","year":"2007","journal-title":"Standard Guide for Using Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentrations to Evaluate Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation"},{"key":"pone.0293533.ref011","volume-title":"Roadmap to improve and ensure good indoor ventilation in the context of COVID-19","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0293533.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0166","article-title":"The Impact of Ventilation and Early Diagnosis on Tuberculosis Transmission in Brazilian Prisons","volume":"93","author":"JR Andrews","year":"2015","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"pone.0293533.ref013","article-title":"ANSI\/ASHRAE Standard 62.1\u20132019 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality","year":"2019","journal-title":"ASHRAE"},{"key":"pone.0293533.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2015.02.026","article-title":"Challenges in developing ventilation and indoor air quality standards: The story of ASHRAE Standard 62","volume":"91","author":"A. 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Available: https:\/\/ww2.arb.ca.gov\/protecting-yourself-wildfire-smoke#:~:text=Stay%20Indoors%20and%20Keep%20Indoor,with%20windows%20and%20doors%20closed."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330961","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0293533","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T19:31:50Z","timestamp":1754681510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0293533"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ahmed Mancy","family":"Mosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0293533","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]}}}