{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:02:14Z","timestamp":1787022134850,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/35\/B\/HS6\/00682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/35\/B\/HS6\/00682"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Narcissism may play a role in shaping body image concerns. Here we examined the relationships between narcissism (i.e., agentic extraversion, antagonism, narcissistic neuroticism, leadership\/authority, exhibitionism\/entitlement) and body image concerns and disturbances (i.e., drive for thinness, drive for muscularity, eating disorder symptoms, body mass index, current\/desired fat, and current\/desired muscularity).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mechanical Turk workers from the USA (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 430; 64% male) completed the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire, the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Drive for Muscularity Scale, the Drive for Thinness Scale, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire\u2013Short, and the Sex-Specific Somatomorphic Matrixes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All narcissistic factors were associated with a greater drive for thinness (except for leadership\/authority) and for muscularity, more eating disorder symptoms, a greater desired body fat (except for leadership\/authority), and a greater current muscularity. Greater agentic extraversion and exhibitionism\/entitlement were associated with lower levels of current body fat, and greater antagonism was associated with a greater desired muscularity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Notably, individual differences in narcissism appeared to be important in understanding body image concerns, broadly speaking. We found that narcissism may be associated with body image concerns among both sexes differently, and especially that drive for thinness was more related to narcissism in men. Our results emphasize the importance of narcissism in formulating and treating body image-related disorders for both men and women. Ultimately, narcissistic features of personality may be risk factors for developing and perpetuating body image concerns, and therefore should be considered in assessment, formulation, diagnosis, and treatment of eating disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T13:41:30Z","timestamp":1699537290000},"page":"e0293578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Narcissus\u2019 belief about his body: Aspects of narcissism, body image, and eating disorder symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Piotr","family":"Szymczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5505-4474","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela S.","family":"Gritti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8833-048X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter K.","family":"Jonason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0293578.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12464","article-title":"Exploring the structure of narcissism: Toward an integrated solution","volume":"87","author":"M.L. Crowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868316685018","article-title":"The Narcissism Spectrum Model: A synthetic view of narcissistic personality","volume":"22","author":"Z. Krizan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814627-9.00015-3","volume-title":"The handbook of antagonism: Conceptualizationsassessment, consequences, and treatment of the low end of agreeableness","author":"B. Weiss","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034431","article-title":"Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism","volume":"105","author":"M.D. Back","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref005","volume-title":"The Handbook of Antagonism: Conceptualizations, Assessment, Consequences, and Treatment of the Low End of Agreeableness","author":"M.L. Crowe","year":"2015","edition":"7"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12303","article-title":"Vulnerable narcissism is (mostly) a disorder of neuroticism","volume":"86","author":"J.D. Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293578.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191110382845","article-title":"What does the narcissistic personality inventory really measure?","volume":"18","author":"R.A. Ackerman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00488-9","article-title":"Role of body dissatisfaction in the onset and maintenance of eating pathology: A synthesis of research findings","volume":"53","author":"E. Stice","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003100041","volume-title":"Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in menwomen, and children","author":"S. Grogan","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0293578.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22059","article-title":"The effect of atypical antipsychotic medications in individuals with anorexia nervosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"J. Lebow","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293578.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2013.847113","article-title":"A systematic review of the drive for muscularity research area","volume":"7","author":"C. Edwards","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.04.010","article-title":"Body dissatisfaction, narcissism and self-esteem in young men and women: A moderated-mediation analysis","volume":"131","author":"T. Purton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2007.07.004","article-title":"Body checking in the eating disorders: association with narcissistic characteristics","volume":"9","author":"G. Waller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eating Behaviors"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20739","article-title":"Narcissistic characteristics and eating\u2010disordered behaviors","volume":"43","author":"M. Campbell","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.08.006","article-title":"What is the relationship between facets of narcissism and women\u2019s body image?","volume":"87","author":"V. Swami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Personality and individual Differences"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/1060826516641097","article-title":"When is buff enough?: The effect of body attitudes and narcissistic traits on muscle dysmorphia","volume":"24","author":"N. Collis","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Men\u2019s Studies"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384925-0.00054-7","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance","author":"T.F. Cash","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-018-0948-y","article-title":"Risk factor or protective feature?: The roles of grandiose and hypersensitive narcissism in explaining the relationship between self-objectification and body image concerns","volume":"80","author":"E. Carrotte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0253187","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253187","article-title":"Disentangling the contributions of agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism to drive for thinness and drive for muscularity","volume":"16","author":"L. Hater","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/1060826520918323","article-title":"Relationships among facets of narcissism, symptoms of eating disorders, and symptoms of muscle dysmorphia","volume":"29","author":"C.K. Littrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Men\u2019s Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293578.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2003.07.001","article-title":"Gender differences in compensatory behaviors, weight and shape salience, and drive for thinness","volume":"5","author":"C. B. Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eating Behaviors"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0293578.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.06.009","article-title":"Risk factors for onset of eating disorders: evidence of multiple risk pathways from an 8-year prospective study","volume":"49","author":"E. Stice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behaviour research and therapy"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-017-0775-6","article-title":"Development and validation of the female muscularity scale","volume":"78","author":"R.F. Rodgers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293578.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2008.10.007","article-title":"Men, muscles, and mood: The relationship between self-concept, dysphoria, and body image disturbances","volume":"10","author":"M.B. McFarland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eating Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0293578.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610393980","article-title":"Amazon\u2019s Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data?","volume":"6","author":"M. Buhrmester","year":"2011","journal-title":"Perspectives on psychological science: a journal of the Association for Psychological Science"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093623","article-title":"Conducting clinical research using crowdsourced convenience samples","volume":"12","author":"J. Chandler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual review of clinical psychology"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191114522909","article-title":"Measures of narcissism and their relations to DSM-5 pathological traits: A critical reappraisal","volume":"23","author":"J.D. Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0293578.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1006\/jrpe.1997.2204","article-title":"Assessing Hypersensitive Narcissism: A Reexamination of Murray\u2019s Narcism Scale","volume":"31","author":"H.M. Hendin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2015_29_177","article-title":"Thinking structurally about narcissism: An examination of the five-factor narcissism inventory and its components","volume":"30","author":"J.D. Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Disorders"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.5.890","article-title":"A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity","volume":"54","author":"R. Raskin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0293578.ref031","first-page":"297","article-title":"An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls. Journal of American college health","volume":"48","author":"D.R. McCreary","year":"2000","journal-title":"J of ACH"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1980.47.2.483","article-title":"Cultural expectations of thinness in women","volume":"47","author":"D.M. Garner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0293578.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0152744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152744","article-title":"Development and psychometric validation of the EDE-QS, a 12 item short form of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q)","volume":"11","author":"N. Gideon","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293578.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000165","article-title":"Development and validation of the New Somatomorphic Matrix\u2013Male: A figural rating scale for measuring male actual\u2013ideal body discrepancy","volume":"20","author":"D. Talbot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychology of Men & Masculinities"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23420","article-title":"The Somatomorphic Matrix-Female: More evidence for the validity of bidimensional figural rating scales for women","volume":"79","author":"D. Talbot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2010.10.001","article-title":"Differences between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism and bulimic symptoms in young women","volume":"12","author":"J. Maples","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eating Behaviors"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2023.112312","article-title":"Three factors of the Intrasexual Competition Scale?","volume":"213","author":"P.K. Jonason","year":"2023","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0293578.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2010.05.004","article-title":"Intrasexual competition and eating restriction in heterosexual and homosexual individuals","volume":"31","author":"N.P. Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2010.02.005","article-title":"Beauty and the beast: Mechanisms of sexual selection in humans","volume":"31","author":"D.A. Puts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2010.08.004","article-title":"The associations between two facets of narcissism and eating disorder symptoms","volume":"11","author":"K.H. Gordon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eating Behaviors"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-019-00647-2","article-title":"Vulnerable narcissism as a mediator of the relationship between perceived parental invalidation and eating disorder pathology","volume":"24","author":"D. Sivanathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eating and Weight Disorders"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.17.3.188.22146","article-title":"Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism","volume":"17","author":"K.A. Dickinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Disorders"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"P.M. Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pone.0293578.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0999152X","article-title":"Weird people","volume":"33","author":"J. Henrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23614","article-title":"Concerns and recommendations for using Amazon MTurk for eating disorder research","volume":"55","author":"C.B. Burnette","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2020.10.007","article-title":"Ethnic\/racial and gender differences in body image disorders among a diverse sample of sexual minority US adults","volume":"36","author":"M. Gonzales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref047","article-title":"Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory\u2013Short Form (FFNI-SF)[database record]","author":"E.D. Sherman","year":"2015","journal-title":"PsycTESTS"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.02.004","article-title":"The link between body dissatisfaction and self-esteem in adolescents: Similarities across gender, age, weight status, race\/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status","volume":"47","author":"P.A. Van Den Berg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2008.00089.x","article-title":"Untangling the links between narcissism and self\u2010esteem: A theoretical and empirical review","volume":"2","author":"J.K. Bosson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-2974-1-16","article-title":"The relationship between obsessive-compulsive personality disorder traits, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and excessive exercise in patients with anorexia nervosa: a systematic review","volume":"1","author":"S. Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"pone.0293578.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-020-00314-3","article-title":"Eating disorders among patients with borderline personality disorder: understanding the prevalence and psychopathology","volume":"8","author":"M. Khosravi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Eating Disorders"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0293578","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T13:42:01Z","timestamp":1699537321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0293578"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sergio A.","family":"Useche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0293578","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]}}}