{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:52:43Z","timestamp":1777510363979,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance is the gold standard in the polio eradication initiative. The environmental component of polio surveillance can detect circulating Polioviruses from sewage without relying on clinical presentation. The effectiveness of the Environmental Surveillance (ES) is crucial to global polio eradication. We assessed the usefulness and attributes of the ES system in the Northern region and determined if the system is meeting its objectives.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional evaluation in the Northern region from 2019 to 2020 using the updated US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline. We interviewed stakeholders, reviewed records, and observed surveillance activities from 29<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> March to 7<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> May, 2021. Quantitative data were analyzed manually as frequencies and proportions whiles thematic analysis was used for the qualitative data.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>One of 48 (2.1%) samples collected tested positive for circulating vaccine-derived Poliovirus (cVDPV). The cVDPV detection triggered enhanced AFP surveillance that resulted in the identification of a case of AFP. Three rounds of polio vaccination campaigns were organized. All surveillance officers interviewed were willing to continue providing their services for the ES. Reporting form has few variables and is easy to complete. The completeness of forms was 97.9% (47\/48). Samples collected were dispatched on the same day to the testing laboratory. The system\u2019s data was managed manually.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The system was useful in detecting polio outbreaks. Data quality was good, the system was simple, flexible, acceptable, representative, and fairly stable. Sensitivity was high but predictive value positive was low. Timeliness in reporting was good but feedback from the national level could not be assessed. There is a need to improve on the feedback system and ensure that, the surveillance data is managed electronically.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T18:36:28Z","timestamp":1709231788000},"page":"e0294305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of the environmental polio surveillance system\u2014Northern Region, Ghana, 2021"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1887-6567","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Baguune","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eunice Baiden","family":"Laryea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4758-0589","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph Asamoah","family":"Frimpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Dapaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwame Kodom","family":"Achempem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8007-0073","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ernest","family":"Kenu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2212-084X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dennis Odai","family":"Laryea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0294305.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Assembly. Global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000. Geneva, Switzerland: WHA resolution no. WHA41.28, 1988."},{"key":"pone.0294305.ref002","first-page":"366","article-title":"Global detection of wild and vaccine-derived Polioviruses, January 2008\u2013June 2009.","volume":"36","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Records"},{"key":"pone.0294305.ref003","volume-title":"Review of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in Iraq","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"key":"pone.0294305.ref004","first-page":"441","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: tracking progress towards global polio eradication-worldwide, 2009\u20132010","volume":"201160","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal wkly Rep"},{"key":"pone.0294305.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6620a4","article-title":"Virologic Monitoring of Poliovirus Type 2 after Oral Poliovirus Vaccine Type 2 Withdrawal in April 2016\u2014Worldwide, 2016\u20132017.","volume":"66","author":"OM Diop","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"pone.0294305.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-687","article-title":"Evaluation of AFP surveillance indicators in polio-free Ghana, 2009\u20132013","volume":"14","author":"Odoom","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC public Health"},{"key":"pone.0294305.ref007","journal-title":"GPEI: weekly updates on vaccine-Derived Poliovirus"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0294305.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2006.00875.x","article-title":"Polioviruses and other enteroviruses isolated from faecal samples of patients with acute flaccid paralysis in Australia, 1996\u20132004.","volume":"42","author":"H Kelly","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"pone.0294305.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg202","article-title":"Prolonged detection of indigenous wild Polioviruses in sewage from communities in Egypt","volume":"158","author":"L Bassioni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0294305.ref010","first-page":"101","article-title":") Environmental Surveillance for Poliovirus in Greater Accra and Eastern Regions of Ghana-2016","volume":"1","author":"JK Odoom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol Curr Res"},{"key":"pone.0294305.ref011","volume-title":"Guidelines for environmental surveillance of Poliovirus circulation","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2003"},{"key":"pone.0294305.ref012","first-page":"655","article-title":"(2015) Environmental Surveillance for Poliovirus in Polio High Risk States of Nigeria, 2011\u20132012.","volume":"3","author":"G Weldegebriel","journal-title":"Sci J Pub Hlth"},{"key":"pone.0294305.ref013","first-page":"213","article-title":"Contribution of Environmental Surveillance Toward Interruption of Poliovirus Transmission in Nigeria, 2012\u20132015","author":"TJ Muluh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0294305.ref014","unstructured":"Updated Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems Recommendations from the Guidelines Working Group, U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta, GA 303333. Westmoreland, D., Armstrong, G., Birkhead, G.S., & Epidemiologists, T. (2001)."},{"key":"pone.0294305.ref015","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. Public health act 851. Health Sector Acts. 2012 [cited 2022 Nov 1]. Available from: https:\/\/www.moh.gov.gh\/health-sector-acts\/"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0294305.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S324","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu160","article-title":"Detection of multiple cocirculating wild Poliovirus type 1 lineages through environmental surveillance: impact and progress during 2011\u20132013 in Pakistan.","volume":"210","author":"MM Alam","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"key":"pone.0294305.ref017","article-title":"Contribution of Environmental Surveillance Toward Interruption of Poliovirus Transmission in Nigeria, 2012\u20132015.","author":"TJ Mulih","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"252","key":"pone.0294305.ref018","article-title":"Evaluation of the Acute Flacid Paralysis (AFP) Surveillance System in Bikita District Masvingo Province 2010.","volume":"7","author":"KW Pomerai","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"pone.0294305.ref019","article-title":"Evaluation of the acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance system in Mwenezi district, Masvingo, 2018: A descriptive study.","author":"M Muzondo","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"pone.0294305.ref020","article-title":"Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance system Evaluation, Oyo state, Nigeria; 2008\u20132014.","author":"M. Anyanwu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Online J Public Health Inform"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0294305","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T18:36:51Z","timestamp":1709231811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0294305"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Enoch","family":"Aninagyei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0294305","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]}}}